1102 bullshyt

kine 1102

what are the four quadrants of the abdomen

RUQ

RLQ

LUQ
LLQ

What are the 3 regions of the right part of the abdomen (superior to inferior)

Right hypochondriac

Right lumbar

Right inguinal

What are the 3 middle regions of the abdomen

Epigastric

Umbilical

Suprapubic

what are the 3 left regions of the abdomen

L hypochondriac region

L lumbar region

L inguinal region

What are the two planes of the abdomen and their levels

Subcostal - L1

Transtubercular - L5

function for layers of abdominal wall

assists in expiration

external oblique muscle fiber orientation

anterior/inferior

internal oblique muscle fiber orientation

anterior/superior

transversus abdominis muscle

horizontal/transversefiber orientation of muscle

what is the purple line

linea semi-lunaris

what is the green line

linea alba

what muscle is the thick black line pointing to

rectus abdominis muscle

rectus abdominis muscle functions (2)

compression of abd contents + flexion

what is the red line

transverse intersections

layers posterior to rectus abdominis (4)

Parietal Peritoneum

Transveralis Fascia

Apon of Transverse Adbominis

½ Apon of Int Oblique

layers anterior to rectus abdominis (posterior to anterior)

½ Apon of Int Olique

Apon of Ext Oblique

Scarpa’s Fascia

Camper’s Fascia

Skin

what do the colours represent

red: visceral peritoneum

blue: parietal peritoneum

green: mesentery

what are intraperitoneal organs

surrounded by visceral peritoneum

what are retroperitoneal organs

behind parietal peritoneum

label (maxillary teeth, inferior)

a) incissors

b) premolars

c) canines

d) molars

label (mandibular teeth, superior view)

a) incissors

b) premolar

c) canines

d) molars

intrinsic muscles of the tongue do..

shape/form tongue (longitudinal, transverse, and horizontal)

extrinsic muscles of the tongue do…

gross motor movement of the tongue

pharynx

directs food from oral into esophagus

phases of swallowing (3)

oral: tongue moves ant/posteriorly (voluntary)

pharyngeal: closure of nasal and laryngeal (invol)

esophageal: peristalsis (invol)

epiglottis purpose

prevent food/drinks from entering airways

foregut componets

esophagus (abdominal) to the D3/D4 segment (includes liver, gallbladder, pancreas & spleen)

hindgut components

distal 1/3 transverse colon to the rectum

MIDGUT

D4, jejunum to the proximal 2/3 transverse colon

label the blue and purple lines

lesser curvature

greater curvature

what is the pathway of food through the digestive system (8)

1. mouth

2. pharynx

3. esophagus

4. stomach

5. small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

6. large intestine

7. rectum

8. anus

is there digestion occuring at the esophagus?

no its just propulsion to the stomach

where does chemical digestion occur (3)

1. Mouth

2. Stomach

3. Small intestine

where does mechanical digestion occur? (3)

1. Mouth

2. stomach

3. small intestine

who supplies blood for the foregut (esophagus, stomach, D1-D3/4, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen)

celiac trunk

who supplies blood for the midgut (D3/4, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximial 2/3 transverse)

superior mesenteric artery

who supplies blood for the hindgut (distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)

inferior mesenteric artery

where is the opening in the diaphragm for the inferior vena cava?

TVIII (T8)

where is the opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus

TX (T10)

where is the opening in the diaphragm for the aorta

TXII (T12)

5 processes of digestion (IPDAE)

1. ingestion

2. propulsion

3. digestion (chem and mechanical)

4. absorption

5. elimination

where is bile produced

liver and gallbladder

pancreas function

pancreatic juice prod and blood sugar maintainance

where can the liver be found

ribs 5-9 anteriorly or ribs 8-12 posteriorly

ductus venosus (fetal reminant)

get O2 rich blood to baby FAST

ligamentenum teres (fetal remnant)

remnant of umbilical vein

minor duodenal papilla gets bile from what duct

accessory pancreatic duct

major duodenal papilla receives bile from where (2)

pancreatic duct and common bile duct

4 concentric layers of the GI tract (deepest to superficial)

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis externa

4. Serosa (intraperitoneal)/Adventitia (retroperitoneal)

Purpose of each:

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis externa

4. Serosa (intraperitoneal)/Adventitia (retroperitoneal)

1. secretion, digestion, absorption, protection

2. structural support

3. peristalsis

4. covered with layers

enzymes secreted in the oral cavity

salivary amylase — sugars

lingual lipase — lipids

chem digestion substances in the stomach (5)

1. HCl

2. intrinsic factor

3. pepsinogen

4. gastric lipase

5. hormone gastrin

Purpose of these substances in the stomach for chem digestion

1. HCl

2. intrinsic factor

3. pepsinogen

4. gastric lipase

5. hormone gastrin

1. denature proteins

2. b12 absorption

3. digestion of proteins

4. lipid breakdown

5. secretion of gastric juices

purpose of small intestine

absorption of water (through osmosis) and nutrients, mostly occurring in the jejunum

mechanical digestion in the small intestine

segmental contraction for churning/mixing enzymes

chemical digestion in small intestine (duodenum mostly)

• complete breakdown of everything

• fats — emulsion fr bile and digestion from lipase

• proteins — proteases

(digestive sys) lacteal is a

lymphatic vessel that absorbs fats/lipids and fat sol vitamins

goblet cell does what

secrete mucus

enteroendocrine cell does what

hormone secretion

paneth cell does what

secretes lysozyme and can do phagocytosis

4 types of transports

1. active

2. secondary active transport

3. facilitative diffusion

4. simple diffusion

active transport vs secondary active transport

active — use of atp

secondary — use of stored atp

facilitated vs simple diffusion

facilitated — protein channel

simple — substance just enters

sucrose crafting formula

glucose + fructose

maltose crafting formula

glu + glu

lactose craftin formula

glu + galac

absorption of proteins by

active transport (Na/K pump) and secondary active transport

method of absorption of lipids

simple diffusion of micelles

large intestine purpose

absorption of a lil bit of water and left over nutrients

three phases of digestion (NOT TYPES)

1. cephalic phase

2. gastric

3. intestinal

(digestive syst) cephalic phase

sensory input causes secretion of saliva and gastric juices

gastric phase

food entering stomach causes churning

intestinal phase

chyme entering small intestine causes inhabitation of gastric secretion

diaphragm ligaments (lateral to medial) (_____ arcuates)

1. lateral arcuate

2. medial arcuate

3. median acruate

left and right kidneys do what

filter blood to produce urine

left and right ureters do what

transport urine to bladder

bladder does what

stores organs for urine until it is eliminated

urethra does what

expels urine to exterior

does the right kidney sit higher than the left kidney

right sits lower

are degenerating kidneys taken out when a new one is transplanted

no

nut cracker syndrome

compression of left renal vein

segmental artery supplies what

arteries that go to the 5 segments of the kidney

interlobar artery supplies what

extend along renal columns, supplying lobes of kidney

arcuate artery supplies what (medulla)

arch along base of medulla

three layers of ureters (inner to outer)

1. transitional epithelial mucosa

2. smooth muscle

3. fibrous connective tissue

constriction sites of the ureters

1. hilum of kidney

2. pelvic brim

3. during passage through the wall of the bladder

urachus to median umbilical ligament (fetal reminant)

before birth the urachus is open but after birth its closed

internal urethral sphincter is for

autonomic control (involuntary)

external urethral sphincter is for what control

somatic control (voluntary)

male urethra vs female urethra

• male is longer

• male also transports urine and semen

functions of renal system/kidneys (4)

1. excretion of waste and toxins

2. ion conc regulation

3. maintain blood osmolarity

4. regulating blood vol

nephron

functional unit of kidney that filters blood and produces waste products to be excreted

components of the nephron

1. renal corpuscle

2. renal tubule

components of renal corpuscle (2)

• glomerulus (capillaries)

• bowman’s capsule

components of renal tubule (4)

• proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

• loop of henle (LoH) — ascending and descending

• distal convoluted (DCT)

• collecting ducts (CT)

pathway of filtrate through nephron (11)

1. bowman’s capsule

2. PCT

3. descending LoH

4. ascending LoH

5. DCT

6. Collecting duct

7. papillary duct

8. minor calyx

9. major calyx

10. renal pelvis

11. ureter

functions of nephron (3)

1. glomerular filtration

2. tubular reabsorption

3. tubular secretion

what are in the functions of the nephrons:

1. glomerular filtration

2. tubular reabsorption

3. tubular secretion

1. glomerular filtration — filtration of blood plasma

2. tubular reabsorption — movement of substances into capillaries

3. tubular secretion — movement of waste into tubule

glomerular filtration rate depends on (2)

1. capillary blood pressure

2. osmotic pressure btwn glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

where does majority of filtrate reabsorption occur in the renal system occur

PCT