U3 AOS2 - learning and memory

learning

relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as result of experience

three approaches to learning

1. Behaviourist

2. Social-cognitive

3. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

behaviourist approaches - learning types

- classical learning

- operant learning

social-cognitive approaches - learning types

- observational learning

behaviourist approaches

Learning occurs by a person interacting w external enviro thru conditioning

-can be directly observed/recorded

social-cognitive approaches

Learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches

Learner is based within wider systems of knowledge

- learning is multimodal

dependent upon relos w teacher+learner and w Country

Observational learning

involves someone watching behaviour of model + consequences of behaviour to guide future actions

model

Individual who is performing the behaviour

Observational learning - conditioning

We can be vicariously (indirectly) conditioned by watching someone else’s conditioning

The stages of observational learning (ARRMR)

- attention

- retention

- reproduction

- motivation

- reinforcement

Attention (A)

Learner must actively watch models behaviour + consequences of that behaviour

Attention may be influenced by:

Characteristics of the model;

Learners likely pay attention to model who is liked, of high status, and similar to learner in age/sex

Retention (R)

Learner must create + store a mental rep of behaviour in LTM so learner can use it later

reproduction (R)

Learner must have physical + mental capabilities to convert mental reps into actions

Motivation (M)

Learner must want to reproduce the behaviour

- M is abt a desire to perform the action not learn it

Reinforcement (R)

Leaner receives positive consequence for behaviour, makes them likely to reproduce it again in future

(R)- outcome of positive consequence

Learner will likely repeat the behaviour again when motivated to do so

Types of reinforcement

- self-reinforcement

- external reinforcement

- vicarious reinforcement

Self-reinforcement

Feeling proud of yourself

External reinforcement

Receiving an award or praise from a parent etc

Vicarious reinforcement

Behaviour reinforced by observing reinforcement of another performing same behaviour

vicarious reinforcement - enhancement factor

enhances motivation to reproduce behaviour again in future (despite not being directly reinforced themselves)

operant conditioning

Learning process which likelihood of particular voluntary behaviour occurring is determined by consequences of behaviour

operant conditioning - organism

organism increases likelihood of repeating behaviour that has desirable consequences and decreases likelihood of repeating behaviour that has undesirable consequences

skinner case - operant conditio

ABC model - three phase model

antecedent

behaviour
consequence

antecedent

(What happened before)

Any stimulus that triggers an action

behaviour

(What happens)

Any voluntary action

consequence

(What happens after)

Smt that makes behaviour more or less likely to occur again

types of consequences

Reinforcement

Punishment

reinforcement

Refers to consequence that increases likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

(Always comes after the behaviour)

positive reinforcement (+) addition

+ of desirable stimulus, in turn increases likelihood of behaviour reoccurring

negative reinforcement (-)

removal of undesirable stimulus, in turn increases likelihood of behaviour reoccurring

punishment

Consequence that decreases likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

(Always comes after the behaviour)

Positive punishment (+)

Addition of undesirable stimulus, in turn decreases likelihood of behaviour reoccurring

Negative punishment (-)

Removal of desirable stimulus, in turn decreases likelihood of behaviour reoccurring