KNES 372 - Doping

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

- Agency responsible for doping management.

WADA Mandatory Standards

- Harmonisation of anti-doping programmes.

- Adherence to International stnadards.

- Code compliance.

- Education.

- Prohibited list.

- Therapeutic use exemptions.

- Testing and investigation.

- Laboratories.

- Results management.

- Protection of privacy.

WADA Non-Mandatory Standards

- Anti-doping practises.

- Guidelines for education, result management, privacy, etc.

WADA Activities

- Code compliance monitoring.

- Education.

- Scientific research.

- Anti-doping activity coordination.

- Athlete outreach.

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES)

- Oversses Canadian anti-doping programme.

- Includes testing.

WADA Violations

- Presence of substance.

- Use of substance (inc. attempted).

- Evading sample submission.

- Whereabouts failures.

- Tampering with doping control programme.

- Possession of substance.

- Trafficking of substance.

Whereabout Failures

- 3 missed tests within 12 months.

WADA and Administration

- Administration includes coaches etc.

WADA Indirect Violation Types

- Complicity.

- Prohibited association.

Complicity

- Assisting, encouraging, aiding, etc. towards a violation.

Prohibited Association

- Association with someone who is involved in a violation.

WADA Prohibited List Criteria

Must be 2 of:

- Evidence to enhance sport performance.

- Evidence for health risk.

- "Violates the spirit of the sport."

WADA and Masking Substances

- Substance is included if it masks a performance-enhancing substance.

WADA Prohibition Types

- All the time.

- In-competition.

All the Time Prohibition

- Substance is prohibited in and out of competition.

In-Competition Prohibition

- Substance is prohibited in competition only.

- No long-term effects.

All the Time Prohibition Examples

- Anabolic agents.

- Hormones, growth factors.

- Beta-2 agonists.

- Metabolic modulators.

- Diuretics and masking agents.

- Blood doping.

In-Competition Prohibition Examples

- Stimulants.

- Narcotics.

- Cannabinoids.

- Glucocorticosteroids.

Anabolic Agents

- Drugs that build more muscle.

Beta-2 Agonists

- Used for asthma.

- Allowed at low levels.

Masking Agents

- Substances that hide other substances.

- Diuretics, plasma expanders, etc.

Blood Doping

- Doping that enhances oxygen-carrying capacity.

Inadvertent Doping

- Doping done unintentionally.

- Still carries penalties.

Cannabinoids

- Regardless of civil legal situation, cannabis is illegal in competition.

Glucocorticosteroid Prohibition

- Not prohibited if inhaled or taken topically (i.e., asthma).

Specific Sport Prohibitions

- Some substances are blocked within specific sports.

- P1 Beta blockers.

P1 Beta Blockers

- Calm heart rate.

Who Gets Tested

- National and international athletes.

- Athletes in sports with higher doping risks.

- University-level athletes.

- Athletes within 18 months post-retirement.

Testing Selection is based on...

In-Competition.

- Finishing position.

- Random assignment.

- Targetted test.

Out-of-Competition

- Unannounced anytime and anywhere.

Targetted Testing is due to...

- Injury.

- Withdrawal from expected competition.

- Going into and coming out of retirement.

- Sudden improvements.

- Altered behaviour.

Athlete Whereabouts

- Athletes must indicate 60-min slot each day with a guaranteed location and accessibility for out-of-competition testing.

- Failure to do so or missing 3 times is a violation.

What is tested?

- Blood and urine.

- Athlete biological passport.

Testing Mechanism

- Tests for indirect series of biomarkers instead of direct detection of substances.

- Reviewed by 3 experts.

Three Testing Modules

- Hematological.

- Steroidal.

- Endocrinological.

Hematological Module

- Detects blood doping.

Steroidal Module

- Detects anabolic doping.

Endocrinological Module

- Detects growth factor doping.

Therepeutic Use Exemptions (TUE)

- Athletes can apply for exemptions to substance use.

- Athletes can then use prohibited medication.

TUE Medications

- Insulin (diabetes).

- Diuretics (high BP).

- Stimulants (ADHD).

TUE Mechanism

- Application is completed by the physician prescribing the medication.

- Usually pre-approved, but sometimes retro-approved.

- Reviewed by committees (CCES, etc.).

Positive Anti-Doping Tests

- "A" sample is positive, then flagged for TUE.

- If no TUE, athlete is notified.

- "B" sample may be tested.

- Positive test is made public.

- Doping hearing, then appeal, then sanctions.

Admitting to Doping

- Athletes can admit to doping and waive their rights to a hearing.

Competing at Lower Levels once Sanctioned

- Once sanctioned, athletes can't drop to a lower level and still compete.

- Period of ineligibility.

Doping control can occur...

- Anywhere and anytime.

- Both out-of- and in-competition testing.

Out-of-Competition Testing Locations

- Can be anywhere.

- ex. Gym, home, etc.

In-Competition Testing Locations

- During an event or immediately after.

Doping Control Chaperone

- Notifies and accompanies athlete until they arrive at the station.

- Verify identification.

- Informs athlete of details of session.

- Informs who has requested testing.

DCO

- Comples the doping control form.

- Records medication, transfusions, or supplements taken.

- Athlete picks vessel and makes sure that it's not broken.

- Guides through sample collection.

- Verifies specific gravity of urine sample.

- Guides athlete through blood collection.

Testing Timeline

- Wash hands with water only.

- Remove vessel.

- Must disrobe from mid-torso to mid-thigh.

- Official must have an unobstructed view.

- Athlete provides 90+ mL.

Sample Collection Official

- Accompanies athlete to the toilet.

- Will be same-sex.

Blood Collection Officer (BCO)

- Collects blood sample from athlete.

- Explains procedures and collects blood.

- Will provide after-care procedures.