REBP SBA

Randomised control trial

study where no. of similar people are randomly assigned to 2/more groups to test specific drug/treatment/intervention. 1 group (experimental group) has the intervention being tested, the other (comparison/control group) has alternative intervention/placebo/ no intervention at all.

Single-blinded study

treatment assignment (to either experimental or control group) is unknown to patients

double-blinded study

neither the subjects nor the investigators know who is receiving the active treatment

Triple Blinded Study

The study subjects, investigators, and statistician analysing the data are kept in the dark.

practice creep

gradual change in practice without founded evidence base

practice drift

Deviating from standard practice/loss of knowledge despite it existing

Duty of Care

The duty of all persons to exercise a reasonable amount of care in their dealings with others. Failure to exercise due care is negligence.

Power relationships & coercion

consent in appropriate setting, issue information in advance of treatment date

anonymity/confidentiality

Participants privacy must be protected/keep data secure + confidential

Risk of harm

researchers not put participants in a situation where they might be at risk of harm as a result of their participation/ pt should fully understand + can pull out whenever

Equity in treatment

participants should be fully aware of risk/benefit of study + option of not participating

Fully informed consent

Entails giving participants comprehensive info concerning nature + purpose of study + their role in it.

Access to medical records

pts should be able to see/obtain copies of their medical records + request corrections if they identify errors.

research

The systematic enquiry of materials + sources to extend knowledge + reach new conclusions.

service evaluation

evaluation of how well a service is achieving its aims.
designed + conducted to define/judge a current service. results can be used to inform local decision making

Clinical audit

The use of research methods to determine whether existing clinical knowledge, skills and resources are effective and are being properly used/investigating effect care has on outcome + quality of life for pts

What is methodology?

The process utilised for data collection process

What is a method?

What was carried out/ Research Design Choices

paradigm

model e.g., Qualitative Data, Quantitative Data, Mixed Data

Qualitative Approach

Understand subjective experiences, beliefs, and concepts, emphasizes people's experiences in their own words, and researcher's interpretation of those experiences

Quantitative Approach

Measure variables, describe frequencies, averages, and correlations, Test hypotheses + effectiveness of new treatment/ program/product

mixed methods

research approach combining quantitative + qualitative elements; involves measurable data + the individual's subjective response to it.

Multiple methods used to increase the validity of the findings - 'data triangulation'

Questionnaire

a written set of questions to be answered by a research participant to collect (hopefully) consistent data from many people

interview

A face-to-face or telephone questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information/Ideas can be explored in-depth with a smaller group

Survey

a detailed study for gathering information and analysing it.

Characteristics of good questionnaire

Validity
Reliability
Interesting
Succinct
avoid jargon
ethically approved

literature review

entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

Types of questions

open ended
closed ended
Scaled questions

interview types

Structured
Semi structured
Focus Group/Group Interview
Unstructured

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused by the awareness of being studied

Data Collection Methodologies

Experimental
Quasi Experimental
Surveys
Longitudinal Studies
Audits

experimental design

manipulation of independent variable + measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship

quasi-experimental design

compares two groups that already exist in the population/ compare preselected variables to assess impact of variable changes

longitudinal studies

studies the same variables multiple times over time

Audits

Measures against Standards/Assesses current practice against guidelines

independent variable

experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

measured variable whose value depends on independent variable.

confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might impact experiment

aims and objectives

Aim- expresses intention/aspiration of study
Objectives- explains how aims are to be accomplished/SMART

Cochrane reviews

systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy; currently the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.

meta-analysis

Statistical analysis of trial data from multiple studies; Combining these brings high confidence to the results obtained so practice may change.

PICO analysis

Critical analysis

The process of critically evaluating research

limitations

Limitations are present in every study. in well-designed study these are not "failings" but limits of what the investigation can achieve. understanding these limitations, develops an understanding of potential impact and future research before collecting any data.

research outcomes and implications

How the finding may be important for policy, practice, theory and future research, supported by the evidence/ study's parameters explained by the limitations/ How will your research affect the targeted participants

Types of Implications (2)

practical
theoretical

Practical implications

direct impact of the finding on related practices/participants

theoretical implications

how does it inform or shape theory?

Research Integrity

is conducting research so that others trust and have confidence in the methods used +the findings that result
Creates trust and confidence in the institution, research output and wider research community

Ethics

Moral standards of behaviour; principles of right and wrong

Research Ethics

Set of principles governing the research to protect research participants' dignity, rights and welfare. Traditionally based on investigating human experiences, now includes future impact on humans and the environment.

Virtue

excellence of any kind
A virtuous person is right in the middle, able to see + do what is right in the specific situation, and knows how to avoid the extremes of showing too little or too much

The Nuremberg Code (1946)

set of guidelines for ethical practice in research

Declaration of Helsinki (1964)

undergone several revisions. shares many basic principles of the Nuremberg Code, but some differences e.g., allowed consent by a legal guardian if the research participant can't consent.

misconduct

- falsification
- fabrication
- misinterpretation
- plagiarism
- manipulation/malicious accusation

SMART

specific
measurable
achievable
reliability
time-bound