TAMU HIST 106 Exam 2 Bach

Woodrow Wilson (D)

-28th President
-known for World War I leadership
-created 4 big acts
-segregated D.C.
-endorsed women's suffrage and an 8-hr workday

Dollar Diplomacy

-Taft foreign policy of exchanging money (to "help") for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean

Underwood Tariff Act

-lowered tariffs on imported goods
-established a graduated income tax

Graduated Income Tax (16th Amendment)

-progressive idea to tax wealthier people more than other people to help fund government and social programs
-attempt to reduced gap between rich and poor

Federal Reserve Act

-set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

-designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
-certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal

William Howard Taft

-27th President
-angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
-lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term

Veracruz, Mexico

-President Wilson learned that German merchant ships were headed to supply Huerta's forces -sent the Marines to take over the city
-improved things such as public facilities
-established an honest government

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

-Mexican Revolutionary general
-one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution

Progressivism Characteristics

-concerns about industrialization and conditions
-belief in progress
-belief of government in people's life
-government can fix our problems
-evangelical protestantism
-very popular and pervasive

Progressive Movement on Employment

brought a ton of new professions
-law, medicine, religion, business, education, social work
-formed a new, rising middle class with wealth made from education and personal achievement
-formed professional societies for professions

American Medical Association

a bunch of self-proclaimed professional doctors that got together and set minimum standards for practice

Social Justice Movement

-ministers, social workers, lawyers
-tenement house laws
-child labor regulation
-better working conditions
-better public parks, daycares, schools
-social cures for social problems
-minimum wage

Women's Christian Temperance Union

-largest organization of women in history at that point
-pressed for the abolition of alcohol

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Mann Act

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes"

General Federation of Women's Clubs

-united mostly middle class, white women
-discussed civic issues and literary issues
-advocated for children clinics, schools, purer food and drug supply, and women's suffrage

The National American Woman Suffrage Association

-an organized women's suffrage movement
-led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, with Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw

The Congressional Union

-radical organization
-formed and led by Alice Paul
-campaigned for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's suffrage

Susan B. Anthony

-social reformer who campaigned for....
1. women's rights
2. temperance
3. was an abolitionist
4. women's suffrage

Carrie Chapman Catt

Conservative leader of the NAWSA

Anna Howard Shaw

-led the NAWSA with Carrie Chapman Catt
-first ordained Methodist minister in the United States

Alice Paul

A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics

Lucy Burns

-Alice Paul's partner
-campaigned for 19th amendment
-founded the National Women's Party
-fierce and militant activist

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

National Municipal League

A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations

Reform in the States

putting power in the hands of the people instead of the states

Referendum

allows voters to pass/reject laws by a simple majority vote

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Neutrality Policy (WW1)

As war raged in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson argued that the United States should remain neutral in this conflict

Cruise ship that was sunk by German submarines and helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI

Sinking of the Arabic

2nd ship sunk, US passengers on it and Germany apologizes

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Election of 1916

Charles Evans Hughes (R) vs. Woodrow Wilson (D)
- Wilson was anti-war
- Hughes was pro-war
- Wilson won by a little more than 3 percent vote.

"Peace Without Victory"

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Causes of WWI

- last resort
- protect rights at sea
- economic trade
- make the world safe for democracy

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

November 11th, 1918

- armistice signed
- war over

CPI and George Creel

Created to organize public opinion, produced more than 100 million pieced of literature that explained the causes and the meaning of war.

Espionage Act of 1917

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1

Trading With the Enemy Act

Illegal to trade with enemies in war time

Sedition Act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Six Characteristics of Progressivism

1. Acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and the condition of industrial life
2. Believe in progress and people's ability to recognize and solve problems
3. Believed they had the right to intervene in people's lives; element of coercion
4. Turned to government at all levels to effect reforms
5. Evangelical protestantism and natural and social sciences inform it
6. Very popular and pervasive; mass base; drew support from across society

Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points

The President's vision for US involvement to promote principles such as peace in the post war world

The League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations (most important of Wilson's 14 Points)

World War I saw the end of

progressivism

The 1920s

- emergence of a distinctively modern America
- an era of transition and change
- clash between old vs. new ways and rural vs. urban values
- paradoxical decade; liberal in many respects, conservative in others

Second Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s
- industrial output doubled
- GDP soared
- per capita income soared

Automobile Industry

- assembly line
- rapid growth
- horse culture begins to disappear in urban areas
- streets and highway became 2nd largest government expenditure
- cultural lag
- social life changes

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers
- electrical industry, appliances, radio and film, advertising, mass production and uniformity, farm and factory workers, city becomes a focal point of American life, the new woman

The Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Civil Libertarians

Refers to people who place individual human rights over state authority.

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's

a white supremacy, nativist, reactionary group that was against foreigners, Catholics, Jews, and blacks. They had 5 million members by 1924 and dominated the political scene in the south.

National Origins Quota Act

This 1924 act established a quota system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America. The system restricted the "new" immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia. It reduced the annual total of immigrants.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Calvin Coolidge

- Became president when Harding died of pneumonia.
- was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words
- acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken
- was a true republican and industrialist
- Believed in the government supporting big business.

Return to Normalcy

Harding's campaign slogan, wanting to go back to how things were before the war

Republican Policies of the 1920s

- neither reactionary nor entirely progressive
- government spending and income taxes cut
- fed. gov.'s role in economy increased

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover (R) v. Alfred E. Smith (D)

American Isolationism

refers to the United States' refusal to participate in foreign affairs or commerce

Nye Committee

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Merchants of Death

Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations.

Neutrality Act of 1935

made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war

Neutrality Act of 1937

forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain

Neutrality Act of 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Destroyers for Bases

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Lend-Lease

allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S."

Pearl Harbor

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which made America to enter the war.

The Grand Alliance

the alliance between the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany during World War II

Mediterranean Strategy

Hitler's plan after Battle of Britain defeat to capture Egypt and Suez Canal & close Mediterranean to British ships to close off their oil supply; wasn't as enthusiastic and failed when British routed Italian army

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.

Island Hopping Campaign

US strategy to reach mainland Japan by capturing key islands

Midway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

Guadalcanal

first U.S. land victory over the Japanese, 1943

Mobilization for war

ends the Great Depression

Fair Employment Practices Committee

companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the home front industry during World War II.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942; upheld by Korematsu v. US

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Battle of the Bulge

A 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.

Nazi Holocaust

Deliberate extermination of millions of European Jews and other civilians

May 7th, 1945

Germany surrenders

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

August 14th, 1945

Japan surrenders

The Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Legacies of WWII

- end to 150 years of American isolationism
- America as a superpower, the strongest nation on Earth
- affluence and prosperity
- size of middle class doubled by 1960
- baby-boom
- idea that government can underwrite prosperity gained credence
- Holocaust went a long way toward discrediting racism

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Major Factors that Led to the Cold War

- Truman cut off Lend-Lease for Russians and denied them a $1 billion post-war loan
- Stalin dominates half of Europe with communism
- Stalin denies free elections in liberated Europe
- Communist coup in Czechoslovakia
- Both sides wanted competing spheres of influence

Long Telegram

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.