endocrine gland

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Serves as the second messenger delivering information inside the cell that regulates the cells activity

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Stimulates secretion of the hormones

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

FEMALE: Stimulates development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens

MALE: Stimulates seminiferous tubules of testes to grow and produce sperm

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

FEMALE: Stimulates maturation of ovarian and ovum

MALE: Stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

Growth Horomone (GH)

Stimulates growth in all organs; mobilizing food molecules causing an increase in blood glucose concentration

Prolactin (PRL) (Lactogenic Hormone)

Stimulates breast development during pregnacny and milk secretion after pregnacny

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys

Oxytocin (OT)

Stimulates Uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy; stimulates milk into the breast ducts

Realising Hormones (RHs)

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release hormones

Inhibiting hormones (IHs)

Inhibit the pituitary secretion of hormones

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Stimulates the energy metabolism of all cells

Calcitonin (CT)

Inhibits the breakdown of bone; decrease in blood calcium concentration

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Stimulates the breakdown of bone; increase in blood calcium concentration

Mineralocorticoids (MCS) aldosterone

Regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis

Glucocorticoids (GCs) cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Stimulate glucoconegenesis, increase in blood glucose concentration, also has an anti-inflammatory and anti-immunity effect

Sex hormones (androgens)

Stimulates sexual drive in the female but have effects in male

Epinephrine (Epi) (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (NR)

Prolong and intensify the sympathetic nervous response during stress

Glucagon

Stimulates liver glycogenolysis; increase in blood glucose concentration

Insulin

Promotes glucose entry into all cells; decrease in blood glucose concentration

Thymosins

Promote development of immune system cells

Chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progestogen

Promote conditions required during early pregnancy

Melatonin

Inhibits tropic hormones that affect the ovaries; may be involved in the body’s internal clock

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

Regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

Ghrelin

Affects energy balance (metabolism)

Leptin

Controls how hungry or full we feel

What is the chemical messenger used by the endocrine system?

Hormones

The regulation of hormone levels in the blood depends on a highly specialized homeostatic mechanism called

negative feedback

Why are prostaglandins called tissue hormones?

They are important and extremely powerful substances found in a wide variety of tissues.

They play an important role in the control of many body functions but they are not “typical hormones”.

Many of them are produced in a tissue and only influence activities of neighboring cells, while “typical hormones” control activities of widely separated organs.

Negative Feedback

regulation of hormone levels in the blood

Adenohypophysis

Structure of an endocrine gland

Neurohypophysis

Structure of the nervous tissue

Pituitary gland lies where

located at the base of the brain, pea-sized gland, In the Sphenoid bone (shaped like a saddle)

Sphenoid bone is called

Sella turcica

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating (FSH)

Luteinizing Growth (LH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

What hormones are produced by the post pituitary gland?

Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic)

Where are the thyroid and parathyroid glands located?

Thyroid: lies in the neck, below the larynx

Parathyroid: back of the thyroid gland

What gland stores hormones for later use?

Thyroid gland

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone both regulate the blood concentration of what important ion?

Calcium

The 3 layers of the adrenal cortex secrete what?

Outer: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Middle: Glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)

Inner: Sex hormones (androgens)

A process that converts amino acids or fatty acid to glucose and that is performed mainly by liver cells

Gluconeogenesis

Name the hormones produced by the adrenal gland

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Alpha Cells (A cells) secrete what hormone

Glucagon

Beta cells (B cells) secrete what hormone

Insulin

The two primary hormones of the pancreatic islets?

Glucagon and Insulin

What effect does insulin have on the bloods glucose concentration?

Decreases blood glucose concentration

Which hormones are produced by the female sex glands?

Estrogen

Which hormones are produced by the male sex glands?

Testosterone

Why is the placenta considered to be a gland?

Functions as a temporary gland, because it produces hormones estrogen and progesterone

Why is the pineal gland sometimes called a timekeeper of the body?

melatonin levels increase during the night and decrease during the day. thought to be important for the body’s internal clock

____ glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity

Exocrine

____ glands are ductless and secrete their products, called ____ into intercellular spaces where they diffuse into the blood

Endocrine and Hormones

The two major classes of hormones are

Non-Steroid and Steroid

A cell or body organ that has receptors for a hormone that triggers a reaction is called a _____

Target cells (target organs)

One example of a second messenger system involves the conversion of ATP into

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

The hormone receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located _____, whereas the receptors for steroid hormones are located ____

Cell membrane and Cytoplasm

“Tissue Hormones” is another name for ____

Prostaglandins

This part of the pituitary gland is made of nervous tissue:

Neurohypophysis

This part of the pituitary gland is made of glandular tissue:

Anterior

The hormone oxytocin is released by the ____ but is made in the ___

Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus