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Prehistory
The period of human history before the invention of writing, roughly before 3000 BCE.
Paleolithic Era
Period marked by the predominance of stone tools; circa 2.6 million years ago - 10,000 years ago.
Neolithic Revolution
Transition period from hunting-gathering societies to settled agriculture and communities; circa 10,000 BCE - 3500 BCE.
Megalith
Large stone or boulder; literally 'great stone'.
Menhir
A tall upright stone of a kind erected in western Europe during the Neolithic period.
Dolmen
A megalithic tomb built with two or more upright stones capped by a flat stone.
Cromlech
Neolithic stone circle formations.
Henge
A type of earthwork of the Neolithic period, typically a circular or oval-shaped area surrounded by a bank and ditch.
Tumulus
Earth or stone mound raised over a burial site or graves.
Göbekli Tepe
An archaeological site in Turkey considered one of the oldest known temples, dating between 9500 and 8000 BCE.
Çatalhöyük
An ancient urban settlement in modern-day Turkey that existed from approximately 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE.
Post-and-Lintel Construction
A building system in which straight horizontal elements are supported by straight vertical elements.
Mortise and Tenon
A joinery technique where a protruding piece (tenon) fits into a hole cut into another piece (mortise).
Parietal Art
Prehistoric art found on cave walls, including paintings and engravings.
Terra Amata
An archaeological site in France dating to around 380,000 BCE or 230,000 BCE, known for its ancient habitation.
Shanidar Cave
An archaeological site in Iraq dating to around 65,000 BCE, known for its Neanderthal remains and burial practices.
Lascaux Caves
Caves in France famous for their Paleolithic cave paintings, dating to around 17,000 BCE.
Chauvet Cave
Famous for its cave paintings, Chauvet Cave dates to approximately 35,000-25,000 BCE.
Domestication of Fire
The control of fire by early humans, dating back to around 1 million BCE.
Agriculture
The practice of cultivating land and raising crops and livestock, developed around 10,000 BCE.
Invention of Writing
The creation of written symbols to represent language, occurring around 3000 BCE.
