pharmacognocy quality control

Adulteration of crude drug?

1.inferiority

2.spoilage

3.deterioration

4.admixture

5.sophistication

6.substitution

Infriority ?

It is any substandard material or drug from any cause

Infriority ?

Example

-If the dried ripe seeds of Strychnus nux-vomica contain less than 1.15% of strychnine

-if the powder opium contains less than 10% of unhydrose morphine

Spoilage:

Adulteration by the action of fungi that result the product unifit for human consumption

Spoilage: example?

fresh or canned fruit, vegetables, meats, fish

3. Deterioration:

Is an impairment of the quality or value of a substance or the main constituents of a drug by destruction or abstraction of the valuable constituents by the action of extraction, distillation, moisture, heat, aging, insects or others.

Deterioration: Example

Coffee beans from which most of the caffeine removed by over roasting. Clove buds

which contain clove oil from which part of oil is removed by distillation. Powdered squill that has

hardened through absorption of moisture.

Admixture:

Mixing of one plant by another happening during the collection of plant material by ignorance ,accident

Admixture: Example?

Belladonna or licorice or any other plant may contain some soil during collection or may contain any unwanted plant part

Sophistication:

This type is caused by the addition of an inferior material to any article with intent to defraud such as addition of glucose powder to acacia powder

Sophistication: Example?

the addition of wheat flour to powdered ginger, with enough capsicum to enhance the pungency and enough curcuma to maintain the color. This type of drug adulteration mostly occurs in foods, spices, and powdered drugs.

Substitution:

This type take place when completely different material is used or sold in place of the one required

or asked for

Substitution: Example?

Cotton seed oil is given instead of olive oil.