Organic Molecules Review

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the Organic Molecules Review lecture notes related to atoms, molecules, chemical reactions, biomolecules, cellular transport, and demographic changes.

Bohr Diagram

A diagram that represents the arrangement of electrons in an atom, showing how many electrons are in each energy level.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are available for bonding.

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

Ionic Bond

A type of chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.

Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond where atoms share electrons.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of external forces.

Polar Molecule

A molecule that has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end.

Non-polar Molecule

A molecule that does not have distinct positive and negative poles.

Reactants

Substances that are present before a chemical reaction occurs.

Products

Substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Solvent

The substance in which the solute is dissolved to form a solution.

pH Scale

A scale that measures how acidic or basic a solution is.

Substrate

The reactant that an enzyme acts upon.

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions.

Active Site

The specific region of an enzyme where substrate binding occurs.

Inhibitors

Substances that decrease enzyme activity.

Denature

A process where proteins lose their structure and function due to external stress.

Carbohydrates

Biomolecules composed of sugar molecules that provide energy and structural support.

Proteins

Large biomolecules made up of amino acids that perform a variety of functions in the body.

Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules essential for storing and expressing genetic information.

Lipids

A group of biomolecules that includes fats and oils, which are used for long-term energy storage.

Monomer

A small molecule that can join together with other small molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule made up of repeating subunits known as monomers.

Steroids

A type of lipid with a structure composed of four fused carbon rings.

Triglycerides

Fats composed of three fatty acids connected to a glycerol backbone.

Phospholipids

Molecules that make up cell membranes, consisting of two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Saturated Fat

A type of fat that is fully saturated with hydrogen atoms and contains no double bonds between carbon atoms.

Unsaturated Fat

A type of fat that contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, making it liquid at room temperature.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells.

Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy.

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

Diffusion

The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

Isotonic Solution

A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution, resulting in no net movement of water.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution, causing water to move out of cells.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution, causing water to move into cells.

Endocytosis

A process in which cells take in materials by engulfing them in a membrane.

Exocytosis

A process in which cells expel materials by releasing them from a vesicle.