Chapter 3 Midterm Review AP Gov

The Supreme Court supported the rights of states to take their own action regarding the rights of African Americans but did not provide protection for African Americans at the national level.

Following the Civil War, how was the concept of federalism applied to the rights of African Americans?

Fourteenth Amendment

The provision that anyone born in the United States is an American citizen can be found in the

In Gonzales v. Raich, the Supreme Court upheld the argument that marijuana cultivation and use reasonably fell under the authority of the federal government as part of the commerce clause, whereas it struck down such a claim in United States v. Lopez.

How does the Supreme Court's decision on Gonzales v. Raich differ from its decision on United States v. Lopez?

expressed powers.

Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 on the basis that the commerce clause in the Constitution permitted them to regulate the transaction and transport of goods across state lines, including drugs and harmful substances. This is an example of Congress exercising its

funding policies with block grants.

President Richard Nixon attempted to reduce the authority of the national government by

The powers granted to the state governments are generally those that can be more efficiently and effectively implemented at the state level.

How do the powers granted to the federal government compare to the powers granted to the state governments?

A system that divides power between the state and national governments

What is federalism?

To regulate the use and possession of certain drugs and other dangerous substances

What is the primary purpose of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970?

reserved powers.

Suppose that in an upcoming presidential election, a state that historically votes Democratic has decided to leave the Independent candidate off the ballot. This is an example of the state exercising its

United States v. Lopez

A student who is studying important Supreme Court cases that re-established the balance of state and federal government power in America's system of federalism might include which case in their studies?

The concept of separate but equal

What was an outcome of Plessy v. Ferguson?

full faith and credit clause of the Constitution.

Suppose it is 2019 and a same-sex couple has decided to move to a different state to be closer to family. After they move, they find that the state they have moved to refuses to recognize their marriage. The state is in clear violation of the

Confederal

After the Revolutionary War, but prior to the adoption of the Constitution, the United States was under which system of government?

remove the requirement for standardized testing.

Suppose a teacher's union has organized a nationwide boycott of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) since they believe it is harmful, not beneficial, to students' education. In an effort to stop the boycotts from happening, representatives in Congress have agreed to make changes to the existing legislation. To make the most effective change, Congress should

Clinton's TANF placed greater restrictions and limitations on social welfare programs and gave more authority to the states than Roosevelt's AFDC.

How does Bill Clinton's Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) compare to Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)?

The Tenth Amendment and concurrent powers

Which measures are included in the Constitution that establish the American system of federalism?

Colorado

Which state permits the use of marijuana for recreational purposes?

an unfunded mandate.

Suppose the federal government has just passed a law that will require all public schools to provide students with enclosed lockers that students can lock with a padlock. The federal government is requiring states to implement this policy with their own funds, making it

the privileges and immunities clause.

Minnesota does not charge sales tax on clothing purchases. If Minnesota were to pass a law that allows businesses to charge sales tax on clothing purchases made by visitors from other states, Minnesota would be in violation of

A grant-in-aid would provide at least some funding for the policy initiative, whereas an unfunded mandate requires the states to implement national policy with their own state budgets.

Why might states prefer receiving a grant-in-aid as opposed to an unfunded mandate?

the conflicting nature of American federalism.

States like California, Alaska, and Oregon have legalized marijuana despite it being illegal at the federal level. This discrepancy between state laws that have legalized marijuana and the federal law is an example of

The Tenth Amendment

Which amendment of the United States Constitution might a Supreme Court Justice reference when deciding on a case that they believe would otherwise grant Congress too much authority over the states?

Supreme Court decisions do not resolve long-standing disagreements over social policy issues.

Which of the following statements best describes the viewpoint expressed in the political cartoon?

(1973 abortion problem)

The category receiving the largest federal funding has shifted over time from "Education, training, employment, and social services" in 1975 to "Health" in 2011.

Which inference is most clearly drawn from the graph?

(Expansion of Grants to State graph)

The Thirteenth Amendment

Suppose that the Civil War has just ended and some plantation owners in Georgia are still engaged in the trade and exploitation of enslaved African Americans. Georgia is in direct violation of which amendment?

With the growing number of people using marijuana, the federal government would have to expend its resources to jail citizens who would otherwise be considered law-abiding citizens.

Why might more and more states be willing to legalize the use of marijuana for medical or recreational purposes despite it being illegal at the federal level?

Power is constitutionally shared between the national and state governments. / The national government may grant certain powers to the states.

Which of the following pairs of statements correctly describes both federal and unitary systems?

Dual federalism

The following question(s) refer to the passage.

The idea of a [unitary] government involves in it, not only an authority over the individual citizens, but an indefinite supremacy over all persons and things, so far as they are objects of lawful government. . . . In [that] case, all local authorities are subordinate to the supreme; and may be controlled, directed, or abolished by it at pleasure. In [a federal system], the [regional] authorities form distinct and independent portions of the supremacy, no more subject, within their respective spheres, to the general authority, than the general authority is subject to them, within its own sphere.

-James Madison, Federalist No. 39

Which constitutional concept is best reflected in the passage?

The federal government worked with state governments to provide financial aid to those in need and give jobs to those who were unemployed.

How did President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal programs reflect the practice of cooperative federalism?

The Court ruled that the necessary and proper clause allows the national government to create banks, strengthening national power.

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the Supreme Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?

dual federalism.

A state that sets its own testing standards and develops its own curriculum standards for education without any direction or interference from the national government is an example of

With the commerce clause of the Constitution

How did Congress justify the passage of the Controlled Substances Act?

Unitary

Cuba is a Communist dictatorship run by a single leader, where the citizens have no say in how the country is run. Cuba is an example of which system of government?

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Which piece of legislation is an example of the federal government devolving authority to the state?

revenue sharing.

An increasing federal deficit will likely put an end to

selective incorporation.

If the Supreme Court were to hear a case regarding the issue of firearm ownership in California and decided that the legislation in question violated the Second Amendment and that no state may infringe upon the Second Amendment, this would be an example of

By instituting constitutional protections

How do federal systems of government prevent one level of government from encroaching on the powers of the other?

The powers that the Constitution would grant to the national government will not intrude upon the power of state governments.

The following question(s) refer to the passage.

The idea of a [unitary] government involves in it, not only an authority over the individual citizens, but an indefinite supremacy over all persons and things, so far as they are objects of lawful government. . . . In [that] case, all local authorities are subordinate to the supreme; and may be controlled, directed, or abolished by it at pleasure. In [a federal system], the [regional] authorities form distinct and independent portions of the supremacy, no more subject, within their respective spheres, to the general authority, than the general authority is subject to them, within its own sphere.

-James Madison, Federalist No. 39

Which of the following statements best describes the author's perspective and reasoning?

The states

Who holds the power in a confederal system of government?

granted to the national government and not to subnational governments.

Exclusive powers can be defined as powers that are

tensions and complications that can arise under the American system of federalism.

The case of Angel Raich and Diane Monson using medical marijuana within the state of California, where it is legal, while it is illegal at the federal level is an example of the

For over fifty years, the federal government has become increasingly involved in state and local governmental affairs.

What is the significance of the data on the graph, and how do the data relate to American government and politics?

(Expansion of Grants to State graph)

devolving federal power.

In 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions granted each individual U.S. Attorney the power to decide whether or not to prosecute someone with regards to the use of marijuana. This is an example of

Federal policy ensures that all students receive an equal education regardless of where they live.

Two students are debating the role the federal government should play in education. One student argues that education has traditionally been handled by the states and should continue as such. How should the student in favor of federal involvement in education respond?

To provide assistance programs to the elderly

Which was a function of the Social Security Act of 1935?

Tenth Amendment

In 1993, Congress enacted the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, mandating that anyone seeking to buy a firearm must first undergo a federal background check. One provision in that act required state law enforcement officials to conduct those background checks. In Printz v. United States (1997), the Supreme Court declared that portion of the act to be unconstitutional, reasoning, "The Federal Government may not compel the States to enact or administer a federal regulatory program." Which constitutional provision most logically and directly supports the Court's conclusion in the quoted language?

United States v. Windsor

Which Supreme Court case first recognized the legality of same-sex marriage?

Gonzales v. Raich

A student is asked to provide an example of a Supreme Court case that highlights the conflicts that arise between state and federal governments when it comes to the system of federalism in America. Which Supreme Court case should the student name as the BEST example?

disagree with the decision made in United States v. Lopez.

Someone who believes that the authority of Congress may be greatly expanded to fulfill its duties listed in the Constitution would likely

Donald Trump

Many Americans believed that the federal law might shift to favor the legalization of medical marijuana under which president?

The system of federalism is threatened by the national government's expansion of power under the commerce clause.

By holding that Congress may regulate activity that is neither interstate nor commerce under the Interstate Commerce Clause, the Court abandons any attempt to enforce the Constitution's limits on federal power . . .

-Justice Clarence Thomas, dissenting opinion, Gonzales v. Raich

Which of the following statements best describes the viewpoint conveyed in the quotation?

The necessary and proper clause

Which part of the Constitution did Chief Justice John Marshall cite in justification of the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?

It shifted the balance of power between the federal and state governments towards the federal government.

How did the Great Depression threaten American federalism?

The concurrent powers that grant both the state and national governments the right to charter banks and levy taxes.

Which aspect of the Constitution would you use to support a decision on McCulloch v. Maryland that rules in favor of the state instead of the national government?

President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.

In 2008, Congress authorized the Troubled Asset Relief Program to bail out the nation's banks to keep them functioning through the 2008 financial crisis. Although this program was criticized by many as an overreach of the federal government into private institutions, Congress had precedent to do so via

a block grant.

Suppose the Department of Energy has decided to provide funds to state governments for the purpose of researching, establishing, and implementing any number of clean energy sources in any way the state sees fit. This is an example of

United States v. Lopez

Federal nutrition guidelines require public schools to serve healthy lunches to students and limit the amount of "junk food" available in vending machines. A state seeking to challenge these nutrition rules should cite which of the following cases?

It stated that their actions were in accordance with federal law and their authority.

Which argument did the Drug Enforcement Agency make at the Supreme Court to justify their actions against Diane Monson?

Their use of marijuana would be permitted based on the supremacy clause within the Constitution.

If Angel Raich and Diane Monson's case were reversed and marijuana use was legal at the federal level but prohibited in their state of California, how would the outcome of their case be different?

a categorical grant.

Assume the federal government has decided to provide funding to each state to build charging stations throughout public parks with the condition that the charging stations do not impede on the environment too severely, have at least five charging ports, and are functional within two years. This is an example of