Comparative Politics - 2nd quiz

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nondemocratic regimes

a political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public

Totalitarianism

a nondemocratic regime that is highly centralized, possessing some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy, using a wide array of institutions

coercion

compelling individuals by the use of threat of violence or other punishment

Corporatism

a method used by nondemocratic regimes in an attempt to solidify control over public by creating or sanctioning a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restricting those not set up or approved by the state

Clientelism

state co-opts members of public by providing specific benefits to people in return for public support

Personality Cult

promotion of a leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation, possesses far more wisdom and strength than the average individual, and is thus portrayed in a quasi-religious manner as all-wise, all-seeing, all-knowing

Monarchical Rule

one person alone is fit to run the country with no clear regime or rules to constrain that person’s rule

Patrimonialism

a variant of clientelism whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the rulers will

Military Rule

military directly intervenes in politics seeing itself as the only organized force able to ensure stability

One-Party Rule

regime in which a single political party monopolizes politics and bans/excludes other parties

Theocracy

rule by god

Illiberal regime

regime where democratic institutions that rest on the rule of law are weakly institutionalized and poorly respected

communism

set of ideas that view political, social, and economic institutions in a manner that is fundamentally different from most political thought

dialectical materialism

technical advances creating conflict leads to revolution and new ruling class

nomenklatura

politically sensitive/influential jobs in state, society, or economy, staffed by those chosen by party

vanguard of the proletariat

small revolutionary movement that could seize power on behalf of the people

central planning

as communist economic system in which the state explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, the finals prices of goods, and where they should be sold

Glasnot (openess)

Gorbachev policy that encouraged public debate with hop that discussion of system’s shortcomings would help foster change and increase legitimacy of regime

Perestroika (restructuring)

actual institutional reforms in the economy and political system would flow from this critique

Politburo

ruling cabinet of communist party/top collective body of party leaders

Kremlin

fortress in heart of Moscow that has historically been seat of state power

Doma

lower house, more powerful

Federation Council

upper house, represents local interests

Constitutional Court

19 members nominated by president and confirmed by Federation council

Ming Dynasty

China led world in science, economics, communication, technological innovation, and public works

unwritten social contract

in exchange for accepting CCP monopoly on political power, public gains economic freedom and opportunity to pursue prosperity

Chechnya

territory that even after the USSR collapsed remained a part of Russia, but wanted its independence, ethnic conflict

Commonwealth of Independent states

loosely integrated body that incorporated many former soviet republics

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

dominant party, being a member gives more influence/power

red capitalists

private entrepreneurs in CCP who have benefited from economic reform and prefer social stability so they have no reason to challenge the state

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)

Iran halted nuclear enrichment and placed nuclear facilities under inspection of IAEA in exchange for relaxed sanctions

globalization

the process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, and economics

societal globalization

traditional societal institutions weakened, possibly creating new identities that do not belong to any one community/nation

offshore outsourcing

process a firm uses to move some of its work to secondary business for cheaper or more efficient work

potential implications of globalization

can break down distinction between international relations and domestic policy and can also “internationalize” domestic issues and events

base/superstructure

economic forces/institutions

false consciousness

a way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation

resource curse

countries with a lot of natural resources often have slower economic growth, more conflict, and less democracy

civil society

organized life outside of the state

Zoroastrianism

development of an indigenous monotheistic religion

Madhi

a messiah that is until they return, will cause a separation of faith and state

Ashura

commemoration of death of grandson of prophet (hussein), symbol of increasing nationalism

caste system

separation within community, where you are is based on your previous life

Mughal empire

much of northern India conquered by islamic rulers, which layered added religious difference between ruler and ruled

Dalits

“untouchables”, those who are seen as outside of the caste system

Adivasi

villagers or tribe in Newton that are considered as outside the caste system

Nabob game

indirect influence among different princely states and Mughal empire which increasingly controlled state affairs and government budgets

Sepoy Mutiny

Uprising of British trained troops against British rule which fails and ends in direct British rule and the end of the Mughal dynasty

Constitutional Revolution in Iran (1905-06)

attempts at republicanism fail in part due to opposition from Russia and the UK

Pahlavi dynasty (shah/monarch in iran)

continues father’s policy of centralization, top down modernization

White revolution

push religion out of public life and westernize Iran

Operation Ajax

American organized coup to overthrow Iranian PM to protect oil interests which resulted in “westoxication” and anti-Western views

Fundamentalism

faith as a regime replacing ideology

Velayat-e faqih

clerical rule

Revolutionary Guard

powerful paramilitary/repressive/economic force

Congress Party

flagship of national independence, commanding widespread appeal and support across the political and even ethnic spectrums

Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People’s Party

Hindu nationalist party brought to government in 2014 general election

Hindutva

hindu nationalism that seeks a greater role for Hinduism as a cultural force

import substitution industrialization

mercantilist strategy of development in which local production is protected from imports

license raj

India’s highly bureaucratized and politicized mercantilist system of licenses, permits, and quotes governing virtually all aspects of the economy

Vladimir Putin

elected president in 2000 on a platform of strongman politics and a nationalist sense of justice for Russia

Alexei Navalny

Blogger and social media figure who is best known critic of Putin who was poisoned in 2020 and then died in prison from poison in 2024

Vladimir Kara-Murza

writer and documentary director and vice chair of open Russia who spoke out against Russia’s invasion of Ukraine

Open Russia

NGO that advocated for open democracy and freedom of speech in Russia

Foreign Agent Law (2012)

requires all NGOs, media, and any form of organized expression to register as foreign agents if they take any funding or support from other nations

rare earths

hard to find, mine, and extract minerals and materials that are crucial to create modern technology

Baotou

“capital of the rare earths industry” in China and has toxic dust, livestock dying, and a lack of government intervention

Citizenship amendment act (2019)

a fast track to citizenship for non-Muslim religious minorities who entered India through religious persecution, which demonstrates the discrimination towards Muslims

Kashmir

land on the borders of Pakistan and India that is highly contested and numerous wars have been fought over the land, lots of ethnic conflict

Mahsa Amini

Iranian woman who was arrested in 2022 by morality police due to improper hijab attire who later died from the beatings given to her in prison which resulted in protests

Masoud Pezeshkian

reformist and cardiac surgeon who won 2024 election who won after lowest voter turnout due to boycotts

Ali Khamenei

supreme leader of Iran

Kolya

main character who has to fight a corrupt mayor for his life and home and eventually is accused of killing his wife and arrested

Lilya

Kolya’s wife who cheats on him with Dmitri and then dies

Dmitri

Kolya’s friend who helps him blackmail the mayor and get him to leave him alone who then sleeps with Lilya

Vadim

corrupt mayor in Leviathan

Baomin

Father who is already ostracized from his town and has to fight the whole world to find out what happened to his son

Newton

government clerk in an area full of conflict trying to get a town full of people outside of the caste system to vote fairly who clashes with security personnel trying to rush the process

Nader

a father who wants to take care of his sick dad while also working and taking care of his daughter

Termeh

Nader and Simin’s daughter who is staying with her father in the hopes that her mother won’t leave

Simin

Termeh’s mother and a recent divorcee or Nader who does not want to live or to raise Termeh in the Iranian conditions

Razieh

pregnant woman who gets hit by a car trying to save Nader’s father and then tries to drag him down with her and blame him for it

international regimes

the rules and norms linking states together regarding particular issues

quietist views

the belief that political power cannot be reunited with Islam until the return of the Mahdi

China miracle is a result in part of

the violence and disarray of the cultural revolution

the social credit system

it is a means to control civil society by tracking and regulating individuals by using surveillance and censorship

siloviki

individuals close to Putin who have their origins in security agencies