Exam 3 Patho

Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders.

There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.

Which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen?

Adaptive immunity

What cell is a first responder to phagocytosis of a foreign invader

Monocyte

T lymphocytes produce what type of immunity?

cell-mediated

Which feature is NOT of innate immunity?

microbe recognition is specific

Which immunoglobulin passes immune factors from the mother to the fetus?

IgM

Which cell type is an early responder and the most abundant in the body?-

neutrophils

What are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune response?

lymphocytes

B lymphocytes produce what type of immunity

Humoral Immunity

Which immunoglobulin is responsible for inflammation and allergic responses and combating parasitic infections?

IgE

What cell type is an early responder and the most abundant in the body

Neutrophils

What is not a finding consistent with Graves' disease?

Hypothyroidism

A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring when the pollen count is high. (1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms. (2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms?

1. Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play an important role in the development of type I reactions because they contain histamine.

2. Antihistamines and nasal steroids

An antibiotic alone will heal an abscess. If false explain why:

false, antibiotics can't enter through wall of abscess so drainage needs to take place

An appendectomy is performed on a 16-year-old boy who is hospitalized for right lower quadrant abdominal pain of 18 hours' duration. The surgical specimen is edematous and erythematous. An infiltrate of which of the following cells would be most characteristic ofthe process occurring here?

Neutrophils

During inflammation, blood vessels constrict to minimize damage. T/F

False

T/F: Active immunity provides long lasting protection

True

T/F: B lynphocytes normally produce antibodies against host tissues

False

Antibodies are also known as

Immunoglobulins

Which of the follong hypersensitivity reactions can be treated with epinephrine

Type I

Which is NOT a Type II hypersensitivity reaction- Antigen-mediated cellular

Inflammation

A finding of diagnostic significance is the well-known association of HLA-B27 antigen with which of the following disorders?

Ankylosing spondylitis

What are autoantibodies?

They are produced when the immune system loses its ability to recognize and they act against host tissue

1, A 32-year-old woman presents to the clinic for her initial obstetrics visit, about 10 weeks into her pregnancy. She is in a monogamous relationship. (1) Should an HIV test be part of her initial blood work? Why? (2) An infant is born, and its initial antibody test is positive for HIV. (2) Does this mean the infant is infected? What would be the more appropriate test to detect HIV in this infant?

Yes. Transmission from mother to infant is the most common way that children become infected. 2. No. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is a nucleic acid test that can detect HIV DNA. It tests for the presence of the virus, rather than the antibody, which is helpful in diagnosing HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers. These infants would have their mother's antibodies whether or not they have been infected.

Which of the following will promote wound healing?

Increased blood flow

Which of the following is a permanent cell

Neuron

As the CD4 T ceel count decreases, the body becomes suseptible to

opportunistic infections 

The time between HIV infection and seroconversion is called what

the window period

A person with HIV is not infectious when they are asymptomatic. T/F

False

The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. T/F

False

What cell mediator is the primary cause of vasodilation seen in acute inflammation?

Histamine

Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis?

Platelets

T/F Following a heart attack, the area of heart muscle that has undergone necrosis because of lack of blood supply will heal by scar tissue replacement.-

True

True/False:

B cells are primarily associated with humoral immunity.-

True

True/False:

T cells mature in the thymus and are active in cellular immunity

True

True/False:

Passive immunity provides long lasting protection.

True

Type II hypersensitivity reactions are _____ mediated reactions

antibody

Which cell does NOT play an important role in type I hypersensitivity reactions?

CD4T cells 

Features of systemic lupus erythematosus include all of the following except

exophthalmos

What are the 2 factors that play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases?

genetic susceptibility, environmental factors

1. A 32-year-old woman presents to the clinic for her initial obstetrics visit, about 10 weeks into her pregnancy. She is in a monogamous relationship. (1) Should an HIV test be part of her initial blood work? Why?

1. Despite HIV mostly affecting gay men in the US, this woman should still be tested for HIV. The question does not say what country she is from, and HIV affects many women in Africa, so the possibility of HIV cannot be ruled out. Even if she was from the US, her career or lifestyle choices may increase her risk of HIV infection. She should still be tested for HIV because of the risk of transmitting HIV to the fetus.

2. An infant is born, and its initial antibody test is positive for HIV. (2) Does this mean the infant is infected? What would be the more appropriate test to detect HIV in this infant?

2. No. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is a nucleic acid test that can detect HIV DNA. It tests for the presence of the virus, rather than the antibody, which is helpful in diagnosing HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers. These infants would have their mother's antibodies whether or not they have been infected.

the cells primarily responsible for the tissue building that occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing are known as what?

fibroblasts

Which of the following cells are NOT classified as either labile or stable cells?

skeletal muscle cell 

As the CD4 T cell count decreases, the body becomes susceptible to ______ __

opportunistic infection

The term to describe the time when an infected person's blood converts from being negative for HIV antibodies to being positive is called what?

seroconversion

True/False:

A person with HIV is not infectious when they are asymptomatic

False

True/False:

The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection.

False

The movement of leukocytes from the vascular space to the extravascular tissue during acute inflammation is termed what?

transmigration

What in the blood provides primary hemostatsis?

Platelets

A 40-year-old man presents with cough and shortness of breath. After an H&P and chest films, it is determined he has pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The provider does an HIV test, which is positive. Upon further testing, the man's CD4+ cell count is 100 cells/µL and his viral load is 250,000 copies/mL. (1) Why did the provider do an HIV test after the man was diagnosed with PCP? (2) What classification does this man fall into based on his CD4+ count and symptomatology, and why?

(1) impaired immunity gives rise to opportunistic infections

(2) AIDs illness due to the high viral load and the CD4+ cell count (lower than 200)

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a classic manifestation of acute inflammation with its corresponding cause?

Dolor- pain

Rubor- vasodilation

Calor- increased blood flow

Tumor- fluid and cells into extravascular tissues

Functio laesa- Loss of function

True/False:

Passive immunity provides long lasting protection.

False

Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms.- It has closely packed cells in multiple layers that are continuously being shed. Keratin covers the skin, which creates salty, acidic environment inhospitable to microbes. It also contains antimicrobial proteins and lysozyme that inhibit microorganisms and help to destroy them.

Which cell is the master regulator of the immune system?

CD4 T cells

B lymphocytes produce what type of immunity?

humoral

Which immunoglobulin is responsible in inflammation and allergic responses and combating parasitic infections?

igE

The process of leukocyte accumulation in the cellular phase of acute inflammation is called what?

margination

Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection?

• Lymphocytes 

(T/F) B lymphocytes normally produce antibodies against host tissues-

False

(T/F) An antibiotic will heal an abscess

False

A 9 year old with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. 1) What smptoms may he present with? 2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? 3) What is the initial immediate treatment? 4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis should carry?

1) Grade II: hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping

2) No

3) Epinephrine and information card about allergy

Which is NOT a finding consistent with Grave's disease?

Hyperthyrodism 

Which immunoglobulin provides local immunity on mucosal surfaces?

IgA

What allows the lymphocyte to differentiate between self and foreign molecules?

Major histocompatibility complex

The movement of leukocytes from the vascular space to the extravascular tissue during acute inflammation is termed what?

Transmigration

The T cells that have a high affinity for host cells are sorted out and undergo apoptosis, called negative selection

True

Which of the following is a way in which HIV is NOT spread?

Saliva

Acute inflammation includes which two stages?

Vascular and cellular

HIV is a ____virus that destroys the body's immune system by taking over and destroying ____ cells

Retrovirus and CD4 T cells

While labile and stable cells can regenerate themselves, _______ cells are unable to undergo mitotic division

Permanent cells

Which process is NOT included in wound healing?

Acute-phase response

The time between HIV infection and seroconversion is called what?

Window period

A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency room with
an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure
mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3) What is the initial immediate treatment? (4) What are 2
things people with anaphylaxis should always carry?

1) shortness of breath, skin redness, nausea, vomiting
2) No
3) Epinephrine
4) Documents about their allergy, EpiPens

T/F- A narrow, surgical-type wound is likely to heal by secondary intention

False

T/F- Lymphocytes are categorized as either granulocytes or agranulocytes

False, leukocytes

Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions can be treated with the administration of epinephrine?

Type 1

The body's ability to distinguish self from nonself is termed what?

Self Tolerance