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endomysium

connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber

muscle fiber

AKA muscle cell

myofibril

organelles of the muscle responsible for contracting the muscle

perimysium

membrane that covers several muscle fibers to form a bundle

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

epimysium

tough connective tissue which binds many fascicles together and covers the entire muscle

tendon

strong

sarcolemma

the muscle cell membrane

smooth muscles

in the walls of hollow organs

skeletal muscles

attached to skeletal muscles

cardiac muscles

make up the heart

incerclated discs

reinforcing tissues that join the branching cardiac muscle cells

functions of muscles

maintain posture

motor unit

one neuron and all the muscle cells/fibers it causes to contract

synaptic cleft

gap between a nerve cell and muscle fiber

neuromuscular junction

the point where the nerve cell reaches the cell membrane of a muscle fiber

neurotransmitter

a chemical that is released from the nerve cell

isometric muscle contraction

muscles do not shorten

isotonic muscle contraction

muscle shortens and body part moves

aerobic exercise

creates stronger

resistance exercise

muscle do increase in size. weightlifting

orgin

where muscle is attached to immovable bone

instertion

attachment of a muscle to a movable bone

flexion

movement that brings two bones closer together

extension

movement that increases distance of bones

hyperextension

extension of a joint with an angle greater than 180 degrees

abduction

moving a limb away from the body

adduction

moving a limb toward the body

dorsiflexion

lifting the foot so its superior surface is approaching the shin

plantar flexion

pointing the toes away from the shin

pronation

when forearm rotates and palm faces posteriorly (backwards)

supination

forearm and palm face anteriorly (forwards)

opposition

when tips of the fingers touch the thumb

anaerobic respiration disadvantages

wastes glucose

oxygen debt

when cells do not get enough oxygen as a result of prolonged activity

antagonists

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion