international relations

South Manchurian Railway

Controlled by Japanese army, claimed sabotage by Chinese soldiers.

League of Nations

International organization China appealed to for conflict resolution.

Victor Bulwer-Lytton

Led the commission to investigate the Manchurian crisis.

Chiang Kai-Shek

Leader of Nationalist Chinese forces during the crisis.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 agreement violated by Japan's actions in Manchuria.

Pu Yi

Installed as puppet emperor in Manchukuo by the Japanese.

Lytton Committee

Produced a report criticizing Japan's actions in Manchuria.

Special Assembly

League of Nations body that approved the report on Manchuria.

Jehol

Region invaded by Japan after leaving the League of Nations.

Sanctions

Punitive measures considered against Japan for its actions.

League's Response

Cautious approach due to Japan's importance; sent officials to investigate.

Disarmament

Giving up of weapons; failed efforts in the 1920s and 1930s.

Locarno

Agreements that reduced tensions in Europe post-WWI.

Hitler

German leader who withdrew from the Disarmament Conference.

Abyssinia

Country invaded by Italy, leading to an appeal to the League.

Haile Selassie

Abyssinian emperor who appealed to the League for help.

International Relations

Abyssinian crisis revealed conflicts between nations and international organizations.

Nationalism

Prevailed over internationalism in the response to the Abyssinian crisis.

Stresa Pact

Agreement between Britain, France, and Italy to maintain peace in Europe.

*****-Laval Pact

Secret agreement betraying Abyssinia, showing distrust in the League

Consequences of Abyssinian Crisis

Tension, lack of trust, nationalistic actions, fear of war

US Congress reaction

Appalled by *****-Laval Pact, blocked US support for League sanctions

Hitler's actions in Rhineland

Defiance of Versailles, marched troops to Rhineland

French stance on sanctions

Stopped supporting to ally with Italy against Germany

Failure of League of Nations

Members going against agreements, weakening trust and fairness

Manchurian Crisis similarities

Main leaders leaving, undermining League's authority

Hitler leaving League

Claimed unequal treatment, weakened League's support

Hitler's rearmament

Banned by Versailles, increased tensions and fear in Europe

Saar plebiscite

Hitler's claim for region, boosted German support

Remilitarisation of Rhineland

Defiance of Versailles, increased tensions and threat of war

Hitler's involvement in Spanish Civil War

Testing allies, showing military strength, weakening opposition

Anti-Comintern Pact

Fascist alliance against communism, threatening peace in Europe

Neville Chamberlain's appeasement

Avoiding war through negotiation, giving in to Hitler's demands

Impact of Appeasement on international relations

Temporarily eased tensions but ultimately failed to prevent war

Appeasement

Policy to grant Hitler's demands to prevent war, failed in 1938

Sudetenland

Region in Czechoslovakia demanded by Hitler in 1938

Nazi-Soviet Pact

1939 agreement between Germany and USSR to divide Poland

Abyssinian Crisis

1935 conflict showing League's powerlessness, affecting international relations

Munich Agreement

1938 conference where Sudetenland was given to Germany

Polish Corridor

Territory Hitler wanted to reclaim from Poland

Stalin's Concerns

Suspicion over Western inaction, betrayal by Chamberlin

German Troops in Czechoslovakia

Invasion leading to the end of appeasement in 1938

Nazi-Soviet Pact Terms

Agreement not to attack each other, division of Poland

Hitler's Expansion Ambitions

Lied about extent, aimed at Poland after Sudetenland

Hitler's Alliances

Formed with Italy and Japan, increasing threat

Hitler's Defiance of Treaties

Constantly violated agreements, remilitarized Germany

Anglo-German Naval Agreement

Strengthened Germany's navy, increased threat perception

Failure of Appeasement

Chamberlin's failed attempts to prevent war with Hitler

Nazi-Soviet Pact Impact

Caused concern in the West, changed WW2 dynamics

Responsibility for WW2

Debated between Hitler's actions and League's failures

Treaty of Versailles Violations

Hitler's actions against treaty terms, escalating tensions

Rhineland Remilitarization

Germany's occupation in defiance of treaties, alarming neighbors

Preparation for War

Countries rearming, anticipating conflict after failed policies

Stalin's Alliance Choices

Opted for Nazi pact over alliance with Britain and France

Hitler's Invasion of Poland

Led to declaration of war by Britain and France, starting WW2

Stalin's Gain from Pact

Acquired Baltic states and half of Poland from the agreement

Hitler's Confidence in Poland

Believed Britain and France wouldn't intervene, aimed to conquer

Hitler's Concerns about Stalin

Worried about Soviet intervention, focused on Poland

War Preparations

Increased military readiness due to escalating tensions

International Relations Impact

Tensions rose due to failed diplomacy, leading to war

Spheres of Influence

Territories where a powerful state has significant influence

United Nations

International organization for global cooperation

Divided Germany

Germany split into four zones by USA, USSR, Britain, and France

Free Elections

Democratic voting for liberated countries

Potsdam Conference Date

July-August 1945

Potsdam Conference Participants

Britain, America, USSR

Berlin Blockade Causes

Stalin's fear of Western powers uniting against him

Containment

US policy to prevent spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

US support for countries threatened by communism

Marshall Aid

US financial assistance to rebuild Europe post-WWII

Berlin Airlift

US-led operation to supply West Berlin during the blockade

Stalin's Berlin Blockade Motive

To display power and prevent Western influence

Berlin Blockade Consequences

Increased unity in the West, nuclear arms race

Red Army Control

Soviet military dominance in Eastern Germany

Communist Takeover Strategies

Banning parties, imprisoning opponents, winning elections

Yalta vs. Potsdam

Lends - Leadership, Elections, Nazis, Division, Stalin's control

Soviet Methods in Eastern Europe

Threats, arrests, propaganda, imprisonment

Truman's Response to Soviet Expansion

Containment policy, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Aid

Eastern Europe Communist Involvement

Communist rise post-WWII in Albania, Czechoslovakia

Yalta Agreements

Germany division, Greece protection