IB World History Year 1 Flashcards

1885 (Rwanda)

Rwanda put under German rule, marking European colonial expansion in Africa.

1911 (Rwanda)

Tutsi works with Germans defeat an Hutu uprising. Marks beginning of Tutsi dominance and Hutu/Tutsi conflict

1916 (Rwanda)

Start of Brussle’s rule in Rwanda

1957 (Rwanda)

Hutu manifesto published, marking formation of the first Hutu political party, signaling the rise of Hutu nationalism.

1962 (Rwanda)

Rwanda gains independence from Belgian rule, resulting in the establishment of a Hutu-led government and the end of Tutsi dominance.

1973 (Rwanda)

Hayabiramana gets power

1994 (Rwanda)

Hayabiramana dies in plane crash, triggering the full genocide

Juvenal Habayarimana

President of Rwanda contributed to creating an environment which set up genocide

Paul Kagame

Leader of Rwanda following Habayarimana

Authoritarianism

A political system characterized by the concentration of power in a leader or an elite, limiting political freedoms and civil liberties.

Hutu

Ethnic group in Rwanda who were supported by the government and genocide the Tutsi

Tutsi

Ethnic group in Rwanda who were killed in the genocide

Cockroaches

Hutu nickname for Tutsi used for propaganda (Rwanda)

Hutu Manifesto

Document calling for Hutu unity and dominance over Tutsi

Arusha Accords

Peace agreement between Rwandan govt and the Rwandan patriotic front (Tutsi political group). Hutu were angered by this and genocide was triggered

Rwanda (Politics)

RPF invasion was used to solidify Habayarimana as leader and increase Hutu supremacy rhetoric.

Rwanda (Ideological)

Global community was seeeking to intervene but faced challenges due to complexities in the ethnic conflict between Hutu and Tutsi. UN published papers/warnings that largely went unseen/disregarded

Rwanda (Economics)

Economy was used to solidify support for bases of political parties

Rwanda (Social)

Lots of social divide and racist justification of unequal treatment between Hutu and Tutsi.

Circa 1800 (Turkey/OE)

Start of decline of Ottoman Empire

1848 (Turkey)

Young Turks founded

1882 (Egypt)

Egypt becomes a “veiled protectorate” of Britain

1920-1923

Turkey sparks war with the Greeks, Kurds, and Armenians following World War I, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

1907 (ME)

Iran constitutional revolution establishes a constitutional monarchy, limiting the power of the Shah.

Ataturk

“Father of Turkey” —> First president of Turkey, pro-free Turkey

Reza Khan

Leader of Iran, loved the secularism

Westernization

Becoming a European-centric society

Modernization

A country becoming up-to-date on current tech

Secularism

Not being tied to a particular religion

Traditionalism

Keeping traditional beliefs or practices of a particular culture

Young Turks

Aka “Committee of Union and Progress” - wanted to restore Ottoman Empires’s 1876 constitution

Ottoman Empire (Politics)

OE had a growing desire for democracy leading to it’s decline - growth of religious vs secular leadership in the Middle East

Middle East (Ideology)

Nationalism was rising globally

Economics (Middle East)

Ottoman Empire faced bankruptcy, slow industry, and military decline after WW1.

Middle East (Social)

Before Iran was Iran, it was the Ssasinid Empire and considered the Golden Age of Persian art and culture

Creation of Turkey

Created during the “Tanzimat” or the reorganization of the Ottoman Empire

D’Arcy Oil Concession

William Darcy was given the right to 84% of Iran’s oil. This was a result of Britain and Russia’s mutual desire for control of Iran.

Split of Iran

Iran split into 2 spheres with the Anglo-Russian treaty following their cultural revolution

Ulema

Legal scholars in Iran who were anti-Shah and pro-Tribalism

Iran in WW1

Iran stayed neutral in WW1, tanking their economy

Egypt pre-Britain

Egypt was a semi-autonomous province in the Ottoman Empire until it became a British protectorate

Suez Canal

Made Egypt desirable for Britain who exploited Egyptians for cotton

Dinshawai Incident

Sparked nationalist movements in Egypt, including the Nationalist Party which wanted immediate freedom and was conservative/anti-west

Egypt after WW1

Issues were exacerbated as the question arose as to whether Egypt would be on Britain or the OE’s side during the war

1915 Hussein-McMahon correspondance

An agreement that the Arabs would land if they led a revolt against the Ottomans

1916 Sykes Picot Agreement

Secret agreement for how Ottoman Empire land would be split up if it fell during WW1

1917 Balfour Declaration Published

Britain’s public support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Mandate

Imperialism 2.0 — puts countries under the protection of more powerful countries

King-Crane Commission

Surveyed Syria and formalized it as a French mandate

San Remo Agreement

Fully established the mandate system and gave Syria to France

Armenian Genocide

Genocide of Christian groups moved off Russian Border

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WW1 and created the League of Nations. Also was the discussion for how Germany would be treated post-WW1

Sharif Hussein

Arab leader who signed the Hussein-McMahon correspondence

Faisal Hussein

Popular Syrian leader who helped create a nationalist independence movement

Syria and Lebanon under France

• French mandates

• Faisal Hussein ruled Lebanon until France kicked him out because they felt threatened. He eventually became king of Iraq

• France ruled Syria through a divide and rule strategy (Balkanism)

• Lebanon was ethnically and religiously diverse, with different religions holding different political powers

Imperialism

The taking over of another country’s PIES structures

Nationalism

mindset of national supremacy

Scientific Racism

Pseudoscience used to justify imperialism

Active resistance

Resistance against colonial rule involving military conflict. Can be large or small scale

Passive resistance

any form of resistance not involving the military

Berlin conference

set rules for colonization

3-Cs

• Civilized

• Christian

• Commerce

1870 Franco-Russian war

Germany wins, resulting in unification and the rise of the German Empire.

Conference that occured in 1884-1885

Berlin conference

David Livingstone

Explorer/missionary from Britain in the 1870s. Represents the 3Cs

Henry Morton Stanley

Explorer who helped King Leopold make claims in the Congo

George Washington Williams and William H. Shepard

Black missionaries who worked to expose and speak out again st imperialism

Inventions which contributed to successful imperialism

• Quinine (safety)

• Maxim/Machine gun (ease of quelling resistance)

• Camera (propoganda)

Griots

Personal storytellers for Ghanan rulers

Syncretism

The blending of religious beliefs

Umma

Islamic idea of shared belief comradery

Hajj

Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca

Beylik

a small state

Devshirme

Concept of enslaving Christian boys to become Janisseries

Janisseries

Soldiers who could have high-level roles

1070 (Ancient Empires)

Almorovid Jihad invasion which took over the Kumbeh Selah/the Ghana Empire

1235 (Ancient Empires)

Year of Mali’s rise to power

1299 (Ancient Empires)

Year Ottoman Empire was founded

1324 (Ancient Empires)

Year of Mansa Musa’s Hajj

1433

Tuareg invasion took over Timbuktu and lead to a rebellion and a weakened Mali

1464

Songhai Empire established after the decline of Mali, becoming a dominant power in West Africa.

1481

Last year of Mehmet’s rule in the Ottoman Empire

1529 (Ancient Empires)

Suleiman fails to conquer Vienna

1610 (Ancient Empires)

Last Mansa dies

Al-Bakri

Historian who wrote a lot about ancient Ghana

Sundiata

Mandinka prince who unified Ghana into Mali after defeating the Sosos

Soumaoro

Cruel leader who preceded Sundiata

Ibn Battuta

Muslim historian who wrote about Ghana and Mali

Ibn Khaldun

Muslim historian who wrote down genealogy of Mali’s ruler

Mansa Musa

Mali ruler, richest man in the world

Sunni the Merciless

Conqueror and ruler of Mali