Respiratory Infections

most respiratory infections are spread via ___________

aerosol transmission

upper respiratory tract

nasal passages, upper pharynx, nasopharynx, eustachian tube

bronchus (primary and secondary), alveolar sacs, esophagus, nares

the _______________ defends the respiratory tract

mucociliary escalator

the _______ brush up particles from the respiratory tract that are not needed

cilia

MALT

the tonsils and adenoids are made up of this tissue

____________ break bonds between NAG and NAM

lysozyme 

upper respiratory infections

staphylococcus epidermidis, viridans group streptococci (VGS)

__________ is pus and edema build-up in the lungs causing a lot of pressure

pneumonia

streptococcus pyogenes causes _______

strep throat, GAS (group A strep)

streptococcus is catalase ____ (B hemolytic)

negative

strep can cause __________ infections, and can advance to the heart

secondary

streptococcus uses ______________ as virulence factors

exoenzymes and exotoxins

causes scarlet fever

erythrogenic toxin

acute otitis media 

causes an earache, commonly caused by s. pneumoniae in neonates

e. coli, enterococcus spp., and group B streptococcus sp.

bacterial rhinosinusitis

many diverse and opportunistic pathogens in the nasopharynx, secondary infections after viral infection

a ___________ forms due to c. diphtheria, may lead to suffocation

pseudo membrane

A-B toxin blocks host cell protein synthesis and causes death of the host cells (inflammatory response)

C. diphtheria 

C. diphtheria may cause damage to:

myocarditis, nerve damage can affect breathing

pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by ______

Bordetella

causes mucus accumulation in the lungs and a long-period of rib-breaking coughing

pertussis

A-B exotoxin 

tracheal cytotoxin

damages ciliated epithelial cells, mucus accumulation in the lungs

legionnaires disease 

parasitizes amoebas in human made reservoirs, are hard to stain 

legionnaires disease can be treated with ______ and ___________

macrolides, fluroquinolones

L. pneumophila is ________

legionnaires

L. pneumophila

enters alveoli and are phagocytized by resident macrophages

Q fever 

transmitted by ticks carrying rickettsia bacterium coxiella burnetti

Q fever symptoms

high fever, headache, coughing, pneumonia, malaise

contact with feces, urine or milk from infected livestock (farm aerosols)

Q fever

S. pneumoniae pneumonia

colonizes the bronchioles of the lungs and spreads to the alveoli

autolysin

degrades own cell wall (cell lysis and release of cytoplasmic virulence factors)

haemophilus pneumonia

grow on chocolate agar

fastidious

specific environment and conditions needed to thrive

mycoplasma pneumonia

walking-pneumonia that doesn’t have a cell wall with a specialized attachment organelle to bind to ciliated cells

________ can treat mycoplasma pneumonia 

macrolides 

klebsiella pneumoniae

thick polysaccharide capsule that is extremely drug resistant and causes lung necrosis (frequently fatal)

pseudomonas aeruginosa 

ventilator associated, common in CF patients, extremely drug resistant, many exotoxins

tuberculosis

deadliest infectious disease, ID is only 10 cells, and it grows slowly

cells are phagocytosed but survive due to _________

mycolic acid

_______ creates tubercules that house the bacteria and can rupture to spread to different parts of the body

tuberculosis