Apologetics Quiz 1

argument

Is a connected series of statements intended to establish a definite understanding on a topic.

Human beings are ____ animals

rational

Human thought has structure; humans reason from __ to _

premise and conclusion

The purpose of an argument is to find _____

truth

Inductive reasoning

reasons from particular premises (e.g., “I’m mortal,” and “You’re mortal,” and “He’s mortal,” and “She’s mortal”), usually to a more general or universal conclusion. Used in science.

Deductive reasoning

 from general or universal premises (e.g. “All men are mortal”) to a more particular conclusion (e.g. “I am mortal”). Used in math.

Simple apprehension

Understand the intended meaning. Concepts. Terms. Words or Phrase.

Judging

Relating two concepts, Judgments,Propositions (Premise, conclusion), Declarative sentences

Reasoning

Drawing a conclusion of two or more judgments, Argument, Arguments, Paragraphs

. Identify the means/methods of Evaluation for each Act of the Mind.

1.  Is it clearly defined?  Is it true? Is it Valid?

all yes = argument is sound

Validity

If the premises are true or untrue, it does not matter if it is true or false.

Well reasoned

 In order for reasoning to be valid, you hold the premises as __, and the conclusion must ____from those premises. 

true

Logically follow

. Define what it means for an argument to be sound.

Must have true premises and evidence reasoning must be valid.

Are the terms clear?

Are these reasons valid?

Is the logic clear?

. Can an argument be valid and unsound? 

Yes, All it needs to be valid it just needs to have a good reasoned conclusion. To be sound you have to have a good reasoned argument and it has to be true.

Can an argument be invalid and sound?

No. It has to be both valid and true to be sound.

3 propositions

major premise, minor premise and conclusion

3 terms each used twice

major term, minor term, and middle term.

Major term

the predicate of the conclusion

Minor Term

found in the subject of the conclusion.

Middle term

found in the two premises and not in the conclusion.

inductive

particular premise to a universal conclusion

Deductive

universal premise to particular conclusion

Which type of reasoning leads to a certain conclusion, and why?

Deductive because you're applying universal logic to find one particular conclusion.