Vaccines and hypersensitivities

Active immunization

vaccines and fighting off infection

Passive immunization

breastfeeding and antibody therapy

Killed whole cells

use inactivated organism

IPV, Flu

Live, attenuated 

weakened bacteria or virus

MMR, Varicella

Purified components

antigenic subunits of infectious agent

Hib, Hep B, HPV, Pertussis, Pneumococcal, meningococcal, tetanus, diptheria 

mRNA vaccine (purified components)

COVID

What makes vaccine effective

Not harm the person

Stimulate B cell and T cell responses

result in long term memory 

not require many boosters

protect against natural pathogen

Herd immunity

large portion of population is immunized

¾ immunized to reduce disease 

Monoclonal antibodies

treatment that targets specific cytokines

Hypersensitivities

Immune responses to perceived (otherwise harmless) threats that cause tissue damage 

Hypersensitivities distinguished by

time course

antibodies or T cells involved 

Type l hypersensitivity

allergies

What antibody is present in type l hypersensitivities

IgE (binds to mast cells and basophils)

Histamine

causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Local reaction 

skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal mucosa

Systemic response (anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock)

Usually seen with injected allergens

Bronchoconstriction 

Type ll hypersensitivity

cytotoxic reactions

blood transfusions 

antibodies bind to antigens on specific body cells 

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Mother that is RH- can react to fetus that is RH+

Type ll hypersensitivity continued

cell dysfunction by antibody binding

Graves disease 

Myasthenia gravis 

Graves Disease (type ll)

Overproduction of thyroid hormone

Myasthenia Gravis (type ll)

acetylcholine receptors in neuromuscular junction

Type lll hypersensitivity

immune complex

antigen-antibody complexes

SLE, RA

What does SLE specifically target 

heart, bones/joints, kidney 

Type lV hypersensitivity

Delayed

T cells

allergic contact dermatitis 

TB skin test (PPD)

Graft rejection 

Graft vs host disease

Self tolerance

B and T cells don’t react with self antigens

loss of self tolerance

autoimmune disease

Grave’s disease characteristics

Hyperthyroidism

Elevated HR and metabolism

Heat intolerance

Hashimoto’s disease characteristics 

Hypothyroidism

Decreased metabolism 

Cold intolerance 

Myasthenia gravis

Progressive muscle weakening

Diabetes type l

Not genetic

in childhood when T cells attack cells of pancreas 

insulin needed

RA

Joint inflammation (autoimmune)