Three Approaches to Research and intro to beh

Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed Methods

three approaches to research

Qualitative research

An approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.

Quantitative research

An approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables.

Mixed methods research

An approach to inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two forms of data.

Qualitative Research

process of research involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant's setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data

Mixed Methods

core assumption of this form of inquiry is that the integration of qualitative and quantitative data yields additional insight beyond the information provided by either the quantitative or qualitative data alone.

Quantitative Research

The final written report has a set structure consisting of introduction, literature and theory, methods, results, and discussion

Qualitative::Quantitative

Inductive Style: _____::Deductive Style:_____

Philosophy/Worldview, Research Designs, Research Methods

Three Components involved in an Approach or in the Plan/Proposal

Philosophical Worldviews

Basic set of beliefs guiding action in research, including paradigms, epistemologies, and ontologies.

True

T/F. The types of beliefs held by individual researchers based on these factors will often lead to embracing a strong qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approach in their research.

Postpositivism, Constructivist, Transformative, Pragmatism

4 Philosophical Worldview

postpositivist

The _________ assumptions have represented the traditional form of research, and these assumptions hold true more for quantitative research than qualitative research.

Postpositivism

A worldview challenging absolute truth, emphasizing careful observation, measurement, and testing of theories.

deterministic

Postpositivists holds a _______ philosophy in which causes determine effects or outcomes

Reductionistic

Postpositivist also intent to reduce the ideas into a small, discrete set to test such as variables , hypotheses, and research questions, which is also called as _____.

Postpositivism

a researcher begins with a theory, collects data that either supports or refutes the theory, and then makes necessary revisions and conducts additional tests

Quantitative Research

What research approach is linked to Post positivism

Scientific Method

The accepted approach to research by postpositivists where a researcher starts with a theory, collects data to support or refute it, and makes necessary revisions.

Constructivist

A perspective often combined with interpretivism, focusing on qualitative research where individuals develop subjective meanings of their experiences.

Constructivists

The goal of the research is to rely as much as possible on the participants' views of the situation being studied

Qualitative Research

What research approach is linked to Constructivism

Constructivists

The researcher's intent is to make sense of (or interpret) the meanings others have about the world., inquirers generate or inductively develop a theory or pattern of meaning

Social Constructivism

Belief that individuals seek understanding of the world they live in, developing varied meanings directed towards objects or things.

Transformative

A research approach intertwined with politics and a political change agenda to confront social oppression, aiming to provide a voice for participants and promote reform.

Transformative

the research contains an action agenda for reform that may change lives of the participants, the institutions in which individuals work or live, and the researcher's life

Transformative research

provides a voice for participants, raising their consciousness or advancing an agenda for change to improve their lives. It becomes a united voice for reform and change.

Pragmatic

A philosophy emphasizing actions, situations, and consequences over antecedent conditions, focusing on what works and solutions to problems.

Mixed Method

What research approach is linked to Pragmatism

Pragmatism

researchers emphasize the research problem and question and use all approaches available to understand the problem

Transformative::Pragmatic

Change-centered:____::Problem-centered:_________

Postpositivist::Constructivist

Deductive:______::Inductive______

Postpositivism

What worldview is being described:

1. Deterministic

2. Reductionism

3. Empirical observation and measurement

4. Theory verification

Transformative

What worldview is being described:

1. Political

2. Power and justice oriented

3. Collaborative

4. Change-oriented

Pragmatism

What worldview is being described:

1. Consequences of actions

2. Problem-centered

3. Pluralistic

4. Real-world practice oriented

Constructivism

What worldview is being described:

1. Understanding

2. Multiple Participants meanings

3. Social and Historical construction

4. Theory generation

Research Designs

are types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in a research study. Others have called them strategies of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011).

Survey

provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population.

cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

Survey may be: ____ and ____ using questionnaires or structured interviews for data collection—with the intent of generalizing from a sample to a population

Experimental Research

seeks to determine if a specific treatment influences an outcome; providing a specific treatment to one group and withholding it from another and then determining how both groups scored on an outcome.

True Experiments

Random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions

Quasi-Experiments

Nonrandomized assignments, includes single-subject designs

Narrative, Phenomenological, Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Case Studies

Different Qualitative Design

Narrative Research

a design of inquiry from the humanities in which the researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives

Phenomenological Research

a design of inquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon as described by participants.

Grounded Theory

a design of inquiry from sociology in which the researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants

Grounded Theory

process involves using multiple stages of data collection and the refinement and interrelationship of categories of information

Ethnography

Studies shared patterns in a cultural group over time; data collection involves observations and interviews

Case Studies

In-depth analysis of a program, event, process, activity or individual

Mixed Methods Designs

Combining qualitative and quantitative research in a study

Qualitative data

tends to be open-ended without predetermined responses

Quantitative data

usually includes closed-ended responses such as found on questionnaires or psychological instruments

Triangulating Data Sources

Seeking convergence across qualitative and quantitative methods

Convergent Mixed Methods

Merging quantitative and qualitative data for analysis

Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods

Quantitative research followed by detailed qualitative analysis; one in which the researcher first conducts quantitative research, analyzes the results and then builds on the results to explain them in more detail with qualitative research.

Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods

Qualitative research phase followed by a quantitative phase

Research Methods

Forms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation in studies