Why was there opposition to Soviet control in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968), and how did the USSR react?

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Hungary (1956) - Reasons for opposition

Harsh communist rule under Matayas Rakosi

Lack of freedom, censorship, secret police

Poor living standards and economic hardship

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USSR reaction

Initially allowed reforms under Imre Nagy

November 1956 - Soviet tanks invaded Budapest

Thousands killed, Nagy executed

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Czechoslovakia (1968) - Reasons for opposition

Desire for political reform, freedom of speech

Poor economy under rigid communist system

Led by Alexander Dubcek promoting ‘Prague spring’

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USSR reaction

Feared reforms would weaken control and spread to other countries

August 1968 - Warsaw Pact troops invaded

Dubcek arrested; reforms reversed

Brezhnev doctrine introduced