HOSA Cultural Diversities and Disparities

2 main components in treating disease in Asia

1. local pathological changes are always considered to be in conjunction with other tissues and organs of the entire body

2. the body and external environment are extremely interrelated

3 theories why people seek alternative care

1. Dissatisfaction with allopathic care

2.Need for personal control

3. Philosophical congruence - aligns with their religious/spiritual views

3 traditional practices used in the protection of health

1. The use of protective objects

2. The use of ingested substances, the removal of an item from a diet, or the hanging of substances around the body/house

3. The practices of religion

3 ways medicine is used as a form of social control

1. Determines how you should live your life (don't smoke, eat a low salt-diet, ect.)

2. Retains absolute control over certain technologies

3. people use medical jargon to try and get laws passed (it would be good for the health of the economy)

4 hispanic magico-religious practices

1. making promises to god or a saint

2. visiting shrines

3. offering medals and lighting candles

4. offering prayers

4 main components of the sick role

1. the sick person is exempted from the performance of certain normal social obligations 2. They are exempted from certain responsibility for their own state (they're not blamed for being sick) 3. The legitimization of the sick role is only partial (You should attempt to recover as quickly as possible) 4. Being sick except in the mildest of cases is being in need of help

4 phases of ilness

1. Onset- time when the first symptoms appear 2. Diagnosis- the disease is identified and the persons sick role is now socially accepted 3. Patient status- the person adjusts to the social aspects of being ill 4. Recovery-relinquishing of sick role and assumption of pre-illness roles

5 causes of illness in hispanic culture

1. body imbalance

2. dislocation of body parts

3.magic or supernatural events

4.strong emotional states

5.Envidia

5 common beliefs surrounding the evil eye

1. the power emanates from the eye/mouth and strikes the victim

2. The injury/ misfortune is sudden

3. the person who cast the evil eye might not be aware

4. the afflicted may or may not know the source

5. The injury may be prevented or cured with rituals and symbols

5 phases of illness

1. symptom experience 2. assumption of sick role- asks friends and family for advice 3. medical care contact stage- goes to health professionals for official diagnosis 4. the dependent patient stage- person is under control of health care providers and is expected to comply with their demands 5. The recover/rehabilitation phase

5 steps to cultural competence

1. Personal heritage (who are you) 2. Heritage of others- demographics 3. Health and health beliefs and practices 4. Healthcare culture and system 5. Traditional healthcare systems

6 variables that lead to cultural conflict

1. Decade of birth 2. Generation 3. class and income 4. Language 5. Education 6. Literacy

a hard knife (cold metal)

used to treat physical injuries like bumps

Acculturation

The process of adapting to and becoming absorbed into the dominant culture (The process is involuntary)

Acupuncture

is the practice of inserting needles at specific points on the body to cure diseases or to ease pain.

Adhan

words whispered into a babies right ear upon birth by Islamic fathers

African American contraceptive

9 drops of turpentine on a sugarcube 9 days after intercourse

African belief about life

life is a process rather than a state and such a person is viewed more as an energy force than as matter

Allopathy (Dualistic)

A system of medicine that embraces all methods of empirical science. Scientific methodology is used to prove the value in the treatment of diseases.

Alternative Medicine

When a nonmainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine

Alternative/Integrative therapies

therapies that are not a part of ones ethnocultural background and are not widely taught in US medical schools or available at hospitals (homeopathic) (ex. A white person using acupuncture)

Amulets

sacred objects worn on a string or chain around the neck, wrist, or waist to protect the wearer from evil spirits

Anamnesis

Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by asking questions

Aromatherapy

an ancient science, presently popular, that uses essential plant oils to produce strong physical and emotional effects in the body

Asafetida

a rotten gum resin that looks like a dried out sponge and has an awful smell worn by Africans around the neck to prevent contagious disease

Asian view of mental health

extreme amount of stigma around it

Assimilation

Becoming in all ways like the members of the dominant culture

Ataque

screaming, falling to the ground, wildly moving arms and legs, and hysterically crying

Ayuvedic

4,000 year old method of healing which originated in India and is the most ancient existing medical system that uses diet, natural therapies, and herbs. Its chief aim is longevity and quality of life. It formed the foundation for Chinese medicine.

Bad gris-gris

powders and oils with a vile odor

Bangles

Silver bracelets that are open in order to let evil spirits out yet also closed to prevent evil from entering the body and tinkle when the wearer moves to scare away evil spirits (worn from infancy onwards by people from the west indies)

Beliefs of healthcare workers

standardized dualistic definitions of health and illness, and the omnipotence of technology

Between 1980 and 2009 the percentage of students to complete high school went from _______ % to ________%

69% to 85.3%

Biofeedback

the use of an electronic machine to measure skin temperatures; the patient controls responses that are usually involuntary

black cat oil

Machine oil

Bleeding

usually performed using leeches this process is performed to remove heat from the body

bluestone

a mineral applied to the skin to treat inflammation and poison ivy

Boufee deliriante (Haiti)

sudden outburst of agitated and aggressive behavior, confusion or occasional hallucinations

Brain fog

physical and mental exhaustion, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, sleep/appetite problems

Brujas

hispanic witches who use black magic

Buddhism

teaches harmony/nonconfrontation, respect for life, moderation in behavior, self-discipline, patience, and humility

caida de la mollera

fallen fontanel, traditional Hispanic belief that the fontanel falls if the baby's head is touched by the nurse or physician

Callery Pear tree

shrine found in the rubble of the world trade center

castor oil/ black draught

constipation

celos

jealousy

chamomile compress

used to treat ringworm

Characteristics of culture

1. the medium of personhood and social relationships 2. A complex whole in which each part is related to another part 3. Learned by each person in a family and social community 4. Dependent on an underlying social matrix

chicken soup

used for diarrhea or vomiting as well as a sore throat

Chinese definition of health

a state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature

Chiropractic

treatment consisting of manipulation to eradicate subluxations in order to resume normal transmission of "mental impulses" between the brain and the body organs (often focused on around the spine)

Christian Science

Turn to the bible and pages of science and health for answers to humanities deepest questions (they are free to implement any form of therapy they feel comfortable with)

cod oil

used to prevent colds

complimentary medicine

term used to describe when a nonmainstream therapy is used in combination with a mainstream one (ex. taking a muscle relaxant and going to a chiropractor)

Components of Heritage Consistency

1. Socialization (extended family, where you grew up) 2. Culture (language, folkways) 3. Religion (Historic beliefs, and religious membership and participation) 4. Ethnicity (socializes with members of same ethnic group and participates in folkways)

Confucianism

teaches the achievement of harmony through observing the 5 basic hierarchical roles and relationships of society, such as the ruler and the ruled and the father and son

coraje

rage

cornmeal and peach leaves

used as an antiseptic in African American culture

cuanderismo

Traditional Mexican system of healthcare originating in Spain and derived from the traditional practices of indigenous Indian and Spanish Health practices

cultural conflicts

events that occur when there is polarization between 2 groups and their differences are intensified by the way they are perceived

Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)

A set of 15 standards created by the office of minority health in 1997 that most healthcare agencies must meet.

culturally appropriate

The provider applies the underlying background knowledge that must be possessed to provide a patient with the best possible health

culturally competent

Within the delivered care, the provider understands and attends to the total context of the patient's situation and this is a complex combination of knowledge, attitudes, and skills

culturally sensitive

The provider possesses some basic knowledge and constructive attitude toward the health traditions observed among the diverse cultural groups found in the setting in which he or she is practicing.

Culture

metacommunication system wherein not only the spoken words have meaning but everything else does as well

Cupping

placing a heated cup on the skin to create a slight suction the purpose is to remove cold or damp evils from the person

curandero/curandera

folk healer, someone who uses prayers, herbs, and the laying on of hands to heal; from Spanish "curar", to heal

Curanderos

hispanic practitioners who use white magic

Customs of healthcare workers

professional deference and adherence to the pecking order found in autocratic and bureaucratic systems, handwashing and the ritual scrubbing procedures, and the use of certain procedures regarding death/birth

cyanosis

in people with dark skin you must look for cyanosis in the lips, tongue, palms, and soles of the feet

Dandelion

Used by Native Americans to increase the flow of milk from a breatfeeding mother

deer antlers

strengthen bones and dispel nightmares

deliverance or exorcism

when the body or mind are victims from evil from the outside, exorcism is used

demographics

the changing picture of the United States and the challenges of the demographic factors

Dislikes of healthcare workers

tardiness, disorganization, and disorderliness

Dosha

the patient's basic condition; understanding dosha is central to Ayurvedic medicine

Duklij

a turquoise or green malachite amulet that may be used among American Indians to ward off evil spirits and bring rain

Dybbuk

wandering, disembodied soul that enters another person's body and holds fast

Empacho

The traditional Hispanic belief that a ball of food is stuck in the stomach.

Envidia

hispanic beleif that envy causes disease

Environmental control

the ability of members of a particular cultural group to plan activities that control nature or direct environment factors

Erythema

Inflammation must be detected using palpation to look for warmth and tightness of the skin

Ethnicity

relating to large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background