ANAPHY: U15 Reproductive System

***Flashcards are INCOMPLETE

Species Continuation

What is the reproductive system essential for?

1. Gametogenesis

2. Fertilization

3. Embryo Development

4. Hormonal Regulation

4 Primary Functions of the Reproductive System

Gametogenesis

One of the 4 Primary Functions of the Reproductive System

Production of sperm (male) and eggs (female)

Fertilization

One of the 4 Primary Functions of the Reproductive System

Fusion of male and female gametes

Embryo Development

One of the 4 Primary Functions of the Reproductive System

Growth and development from fertilized egg to mature offspring

Hormonal Regulation

One of the 4 Primary Functions of the Reproductive System

Controls reproductive processes like ovulation, sperm production, and pregnancy.

1. Produce gametes

2. Facilitate fertilization

3. Support offspring development

What are 3 processes the male and female systems are designed for?

Testes

Primary organ for sperm production and testosterone secretion

Scrotum

Where testes is located in

Maintains the temperature optimal for spermatogenesis

Epididymis

Coiled tube on the back of the testes where sperm mature and are stored

Vas Deferens

Duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Seminal Vesicles

Produce seminal fluid rich in fructose (energy for sperm)

Prostate Gland

Secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes vaginal acidity, aiding sperm viability

Bulbourethral Glands

Secrete mucus to lubricate the urethra

Penis

Organ for delivering sperm into the female reproductive tract during intercourse

1. Seminiferous Tubules

2. Leydig Cells

3. Sertoli Cells

3 Important Components of the Testes

Seminiferous Tubules

Part of the structure of the testes

Site of spermatogenesis (production of sperm).

Where spermatogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to form sperm

Spermatagonia

What produces sperm?

Leydig Cells

Part of the structure of the testes

Produce testosterone, responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., deepening of voice, increased muscle mass).

Testosterone

In MALES, what do Leydig Cells produce?

Sertoli Cells

Part of the cells of the testes

Support and nourish developing sperm cells.

Spermatogenesis

What process occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes?

1. Spermatagonia (2n)

2. Primary Spermatocytes (2n)

3. Secondary Spermatocytes (n)

4. Spermatids (n)

5. Spermatozoa

What are the cells present in spermatogenesis from the beginning until the formation of sperm?

Spermatogonia (2n)

One of the stages of spermatogenesis

Undifferentiated stem cells undergo mitosis

Primary Spermatocytes (2n)

One of the stages of spermatogenesis

Undergo meiosis 1, resulting in secondary spermatocytes

Secondary Spermatocytes (n)

One of the stages of spermatogenesis

Undergo meiosis Il, forming spermatids.

Spermatids (n)

One of the stages of spermatogenesis

Mature into spermatozoa (sperm)

Sperm (Spermatozoa)

One of the stages of spermatogenesis

Final product

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

2 Hormones that Regulate Spermatogenesis

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

One of the hormones that regulate spermatogenesis

Stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm maturation

Sertoli Cells; Sperm Maturation

In MALES, what type of cells does FSH stimulate resulting in what?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

One of the hormones that regulate spermatogenesis

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which promotes spermatogenesis.

Leydig Cells; Testosterone production which promotes spermatogenesis

IN MALES, what type of cells does LH stimulate resulting in what?

1. Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

2. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

What is the process of male hormonal regulation (include the locations and hormones involved)?

High Testosterone Levels

In MALES, what inhibits GnRH production, thus FSH and LH production?

Negative Feedback

What kind of feedback mechanism is hormonal regulation in males?

Head, Midpiece, Tail/Flagellum

What is the anatomy of the sperm?

Head

Component of the anatomy of the sperm

Contains the nucleus with DNA and an acrosome filled with enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg

Midpiece

Component of the anatomy of the sperm

Packed with mitochondria to produce ATP, providing energy for sperm movement.

Tail (Flagellum)

Component of the anatomy of the sperm

Propels the sperm towards the egg via a whip- like motion.

Whip-Like

What is the motion of the sperm’s flagellum?

1. Ovaries

2. Fallopian Tubes (Uterine Tubes)

3. Uterus

4. Vagina

5. External Genitalia (Vulva)

5 Primary Components of the Female Reproductive System

Ovaries

One of the primary components of the female reproductive system

Produce eggs (oocytes) and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)

Oocytes, Estrogen, Progesterone

What do the ovaries produce, including hormones?

Fallopian Tubes (Uterine Tubes)

One of the primary components of the female reproductive system

Site of fertilization; conduct oocyte to the uterus

Fertilization

What are the fallopian tubes the site for?

Uterus

One of the primary components of the female reproductive system

Hollow, muscular organ where the embryo implants and develops into a fetus.

Vagina

One of the primary components of the female reproductive system

Birth canal and site of sperm entry

Birth Canal

What is another name for the vagina?

External Genitalia (Vulva)

One of the primary components of the female reproductive system

Consists of the clitoris, labia, vaginal opening

Clitoris, Labia, Vaginal Opening

What is the external genitalia (vulva) consisted of?

Oogenesis

The process of egg (oocyte) production

1. Oogonia (2n)

2. Primary Oocytes (2n)

3. Secondary Oocytes (n)

4. Ovum (and polar bodies)

What are the 4 stages of oogenesis?

Oogonia

One of the stages of oogenesis

Undergo mitosis during fetal development

Primary Oocytes

One of the stages of oogenesis

Begin meiosis and arrest in prophase I until puberty.

Secondary Oocyte

One of the stages of oogenesis

Complete meiosis I during ovulation, but arrest in metaphase Il.

Ovum (and polar bodies)

One of the stages of oogenesis

Formed once Meiosis II is completed

1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH

2. Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH

What is the mechanism of hormonal regulation in females?

FSH

One of the hormones in the female reproductive system

Stimulates follicular growth and estrogen production by granulosa cells in the ovaries.

Estrogen by Granulosa Cells of Ovaries

In FEMALES, the production of what hormone by what type of cells are stimulated by FSH?

Estrogen

One of the hormones in the female reproductive system

Promotes endometrial growth and secondary sexual characteristics.

LH

One of the hormones in the female reproductive system

Triggers ovulation (release of the secondary oocyte)

Ovulation; release of secondary oocyte

In FEMALES, what process is triggered by LH causing the release of what?

Progesterone

One of the hormones in the female reproductive system

Secreted from the corpus luteum after ovulation, preparing the endometrium for implantation.

Corpus Luteum

What is progesterone secreted from after ovulation?

Prepares endometrium for implementation

What is the function of progesterone?

Estrogen & Progesterone Levels

What inhibits GnRH production, thus FSH and LH production in the female reproductive system?

1. Follicular Phase

2. Ovulation

3. Luteal Phase

What are 3 phases of the Menstrual Cycle?

Day 1-14

When is the Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle?

Follicular Phase

One of the stages of the menstrual cycle

When FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production.

When estrogen prepares endometrium for implantation

Day 14

When is the Ovulation of the Menstrual Cycle?

Ovulation

One of the stages of the menstrual cycle

When LH surge triggers release of secondary oocyte.

Day 15-28

When is the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle?

Luteal Phase

One of the stages of the menstrual cycle

When corpus luteum secretes progesterone.

When progesterone maintains endometrial lining for implantation.

1. Sperm Capacitation

2. Acrosome Reaction

3. Fusion

4. Prevention of Polyspermy

4 Steps of the Fertilization Process

Sperm Capacitation

One of the steps of the fertilization process

Biochemical changes that allow sperm to penetrate the egg.

Acrosome Reaction

One of the steps of the fertilization process

Sperm enzymes digest the zona pellucida of the egg

Fusion

One of the steps of the fertilization process

Sperm and oocyte membranes fuse, and sperm enters the egg, forming a zygote.

Prevention of Polyspermy

One of the steps of the fertilization process

Fast block (membrane depolarization) and slow block (cortical reaction).

1. Zygote

2. Morula

3. Blastocyte

What is the order of the cells present in the Stages of Early Embryonic Development?

Zygotes

One of the cells present in the Stages of Early Embryonic Development

Cleavage (mitotic divisions) forms smaller blastomeres

Blastomeres

When zygotes are cleaved what are formed?

Morula

One of the cells present in the Stages of Early Embryonic Development

Solid ball of cells formed by day 3

Blastocyst

One of the cells present in the Stages of Early Embryonic Development

Forms by day 6,

➔ with an inner cell mass (becomes the embryo) and

➔ trophoblast (forms placenta)

Inner Cell Mass (becomes embryo) & Trophoblasts (becomes placenta)

What are two components of the blastocyst?

Trophoblast cells

What cells of the blastocyst invade the endometrium?

Chorionic Villi (becomes Placenta)

When the trophoblast cells invade the endometrium, what is formed?

1. Nutrient and Waste Exchange between Mother & Fetus

2. Hormone Production (HCG, Estrogen, Progesterone)

3. Barrier Protecting Fetus from Pathogens

3 Functions of the Placenta

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), Estrogen, Progesterone, Human Placenta Lactogen (HPL)

What are the main hormones produced by the placenta?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

One of the hormones produced by the placenta

Secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts

Maintains corpus luteum and ensures continued progesterone production