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what is the structure of the cell (plasma) membrane

• phospholipid bilayer

• contains embedded

  • proteins

  • cholesterol

function of the cell (plasma) membrane

• selective barrier

• allows passage of o, nutrients + waste

structure of the cytoplasm

• jelly-like substance

• made of..

  • mostly H2O

  • dissolved particles (a.a, fatty acid)

• organelles

• enzymes (chem rxns)

function of cytoplasm

• site of many chem rxns

• holds organelles in place

structure of cytoskeleton

• made of protein fibers

  • microtubules - hollow tubes

  • intermed. filaments - rope like fibers

  • microfilaments - 2 twisted strands of actin

function of cytoskeleton

• anchors cell membrane

  • gives shape + support

• acts as a highway for transport

structure of centrosome, centrioles + spindle fibers

• centrosome - 2 centrioles

• centrioles - 9 sets of triplet microtubules (ring shape)

• spindle fibers - microtubules

function of centrosome, centrioles + spindle fibers

• centrosome - organizes microtubules

• centrioles - helps centrosome

• spindle fibers - aids w mitosis

structure of cilia + flagella (both)

• outside of SOME cells

• made of microtubules

• covered by cell membrane

structure of cilia & flagella

• cilia - short, hair-like structures

• flagella - whip-like tail

function of cilia + flagella

• cilia - helps move substances around cell

• flagella - helps move cell

structure of nucleus/nucleolus

• nucleus - nuclear envelope (double membrane w/ lipid bilayer)

  • nuclear pores for material exchange

• nucleolus - mass of densely compact granules (ribosomal rna + proteins)

function of nuclear/nucleolus

• nucleus - control center, stores dna

• nucleolus - makes ribosomes, protein synthesis

structure of dna (chromatin, chromosome)

• chromatin - spaghetti

• chromosome - condensed

function of dna (chromatin, chromosome)

• chromatin “READABLE” - protein synthesis + dna rep.

• chromosome “UNREADABLE” - packed for movement

structure of ribosomes

• 2 subunits: 1 big, 1 small

• found in cytoplasm → attached to e.t + nuclear envelope

function of ribosomes

• reads mRNA

• makes polypeptides

structure of smooth/rough e.r (both)

• continuous w/ the nuclear envelope (connected)

structure of smooth e.r

• no bound ribosomes

• network of membranous tubules

structure of rough e.r

• bound ribosomes

• network of membranous tubules + sacs (“CISTERNAE”)

  • inc. S.A, transports, golgi

function of smooth e.r

• makes lipids

• breaks down toxins

• stores calcium

• processes carbs

function of rough e.r

• modified proteins

• proteins are wrapped → vesicle → transported

structure of golgi apparatus + vesicle

• golgi - flattened, folded sacs (“CISTERNAE”)

  • CIS FACE - receives

  • TRANS FACE - ships

• vesicle - small, membrane-bound sac (formed in the e.r, golgi, or membrane)

function of golgi apparatus + vesicle

• golgi - modified products from e.r (glycoproteins)

  • makes macromolecules

  • sorts + packages materials → vesicle

• vesicle - transport + stores substances

structure of lysosomes

membranous sac

function of lysosomes

• digests w/ enzymes

  • PHAGOCYTOSIS

• removes damaged organelles “AUTOPHAGY”

structure of peroxisomes

membranous sac

function of peroxisomes

• breaks down fatty acids + toxins (alcohol)

• produces hydrogen peroxide → neutralizes enzymes

• detox + energy production

structure of vacuoles

LARGE membranous sac / vesicle

function of vacuoles

• plants

  • stores water, nutrients, waste, enzymes, a.a., ions

  • helps w/ rigidity

• animals

  • FOOD VACUOLE - store

  • CONTRACTILE VACUOLE - pumps out excess water

structure of mitochondria

double membrane

• inside = CRISTAE

• outer = smooth

INTERMEDIATE SPACE - b/w inner + outside space

MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX - inside the inner membrane

function of mitochondria

• matrix - holds enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes

• cellular respiration (for energy)

• inner membrane - makes atp (w/ enzymes)

structure of chloroplast

• double membrane - thin intermembrane space

• THYLAKOIDS - flattened sacs (interconnected)

  • GRANUM - stacks of thylakoids

  • THYLAKOID SPACE - inside the thylakoids

function of chloroplast

• STROMA - contains dna, ribosomes, enzymes

  • PHOTOSYNTHESIS - sunlight = sugar (chem. energy)

structure of the cell wall

• extracellular

• made of cellulose + proteins

function of the cell wall

• protects the cell

• maintains shape

• prevents excess water intake