Human Anatomy - Biology 2 Lecture Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering human anatomy levels of organization, the integumentary system, skeletal histology, and joint classification based on lecture notes.

Gender

A social construct referring to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person.

Anatomy

The study of body structure and relationships among structures.

Physiology

The study of body function.

Cellular Level

The level of organization where the basic units of all living things, made of molecules, perform functions.

Tissues

Groups of similar types of cells and associated extracellular material joined together to perform a particular function.

Organ

A discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types, such as blood vessels, the liver, or the brain.

Integumentary System

The organ system that forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors.

Skeletal System

The system that protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones to regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism ($\text{nutrient use}$).

Axial Region

The part of the body consisting of the head, neck, and trunk ($\text{thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and perineum}$).

Appendicular Region

The part of the body consisting of the limbs.

Superior vs. Inferior

Directional terms meaning above versus below.

Proximal vs. Distal

Directional terms meaning closer to the point of origin versus farther from the point of origin.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

Ventral Body Cavity

A cavity lined with serous membrane containing the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities.

Serous Fluid

Fluid secreted by epithelial cells located between the parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes to reduce friction.

Plasma Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that separates the intracellular fluid ($\text{ICF}$) from the extracellular fluid ($\text{ECF}$) and controls selective permeability.

Facilitated Diffusion

A passive transport process that uses a protein carrier to move molecules down their concentration gradient.

Active Transport

A process requiring the cell to use $\text{ATP}$ to pump substances against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis, often called "cell eating," where a cell engulfs large particles by forming pseudopods.

Mitochondria

Double-membraned organelles that make $\text{ATP}$ via cellular respiration; they contain inner folds called cristae and an internal gel called the matrix.

Lysosomes

Sacs containing digestive enzymes used to recycle cell material and break down substances brought in by endocytosis.

Cytoskeleton

Protien filaments ($\text{microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules}$) that support the cell and organelles and assist in movement.

Interphase

The phase where a cell spends most of its time performing metabolic activity; it consists of $G_1$, $S$ ($\text{DNA synthesis}$), and $G_2$ subphases.

Mitosis

The process of nuclear division consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete products into ducts that open to the skin or the lumen of an organ.

Holocrine Glands

A functional classification of exocrine glands where the cell accumulates product until it dies and bursts open to release the secretion.

Tight Junctions

Impermeable cell junctions where adjacent plasma membranes are fused to prevent leakage.

Gap Junctions

Communicating junctions where cells are linked by protein tunnels called connexons to allow ions and small molecules to pass.

Keratinocytes

The most abundant epidermal cells (90\text{%}) which produce the fibrous protein keratin for protection.

Stratum Basale

The deepest epidermal layer consisting of a single row of mitotic stem cells; also known as the stratum germinativum.

Dermis

The connective tissue layer of the skin containing blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles; divided into papillary and reticular regions.

Osteoblasts

Immature bone cells on inner and outer surfaces that secrete collagen and bone matrix.

Osteons

The structural units of compact bone consisting of concentric lamellae, a central Haversian canal, and osteocytes in lacunae.

Endochondral Ossification

The process of bone formation where bone replaces a hyaline cartilage model.

Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of hyaline cartilage in a growing long bone that allows for growth in length.

Synarthroses

A functional classification for joints that are completely immovable.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity, articular capsule, and ligaments.

Bursae

Sacs of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane that provide cushioning between bones and other structures to reduce friction.

Flexion vs. Extension

Angular movements that decrease the angle between bones versus movements that increase the angle.

Hinge Joint

A uniaxial synovial joint where a convex surface fits into a concave surface, allowing flexion and extension.

Ball and Socket Joint

A multiaxial ($\text{triaxial}$) synovial joint that allows for the widest range of motion, including rotation.