Restoritive Art EXAM 1

According to Professor Fredrickson, what are the three main views used to look at the geometric form of the skull?

Frontal, profile, and superior

What specific geometric shape do the frontal, profile, and superior views of the human skull have in common?

An oval shape

In an adult skull, primarily what two areas of measurement show the most individual variance?

Width and length

By what percentage is an adult female skull typically lighter and smaller than a male skull?

$$10\,\%$$

How do the walls of a male skull compare to those of a female skull?

Males have thicker skull walls

What characteristics describe the ridges and eminences of a female skull compared to a male skull?

They are not so pronounced, making the skull more rounded and smoother

In the context of the skull, what is a suture?

Where the bones of the skull have come together and hardened, looking much like a zipper

What are the three major sutures of the adult skull mentioned in the lecture?

Coronal, lambdoidal, and squamosal

Why is an infant skull made of individual cranial bones that are not yet fused?

To allow the baby to fit through the birthing canal

At what age do the cranial bones of an infant typically grow together and fuse?

Approximately $1\,\text{year}$ to $1.5\,\text{years}$

What is the most obvious characteristic of an individual of advanced age regarding their skull?

The reduction of the size of their upper and lower jaws

What process causes the reduction of the jaw size in elderly individuals after tooth loss?

The absorption of the alveolar processes

What are the four surface bones of the cranium?

Occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal

Which bone is located at the very back and base of the cranium?

The occipital bone

Is the occipital bone a paired or unpaired bone?

Unpaired

What is the name of the hole in the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes through?

The foramen magnum

What is the name of the feature that bumps out or protrudes in the middle of the occipital bone?

The occipital protuberance

Which bones make up the superior portion of the sides and back of the cranium?

The parietal bones

What fraction of the roof of the cranium is formed by the posterior portion of the parietal bones?

$$\frac{2}{3}$$

What specific feature of the parietal bones is used to determine the widest part of the cranium?

The parietal eminences

Which bones form the inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium?

The temporal bones

Where are the temporal bones located in relation to the parietal and occipital bones?

Inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone

What is the vertical, flat portion of the temporal bone called?

The squama

What is the anatomical name for the ear passage?

The external auditory meatus

Which part of the temporal bone is described as a small depression that allows the mandible to articulate?

The mandibular fossa

Where is the mastoid process located?

On the inferior portion of the temporal bones, just posterior to the lobe of the ear

What portion of the cranium is made up by the frontal bone?

The anterior $\frac{1}{3}$

What does the frontal bone form besides the forehead?

The anterior portion of the roof of the skull

In the frontal bone, where does the vertical surface of the forehead extend from and to?

From the upper margin of the eye sockets to the level of the two frontal eminences

What is the horizontal surface of the frontal bone commonly called?

The crown

Which frontal bone feature is described as rounded prominences on either side of the median line?

Frontal eminences

What are the superior rims of the eye sockets called?

The supraorbital margins

What is the significance of the term 'ciliary' in the superciliary arches?

It means hair, relating to the location of the eyebrows

What is the glabella?

A single bony prominence of the frontal bone located between the superciliary arches at the root of the nose

Which unpaired bone of the neurocranium is considered a non-surface bone?

The sphenoid bone

Which non-surface bone is located between the eyes and contributes to the nasal cavity?

The ethmoid bone

What are the three parts of the ethmoid bone?

The cribriform plate, the ethmoidal labyrinth, and the perpendicular plate

Name the four surface bones of the face.

Nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, and mandible

Where are the nasal bones located?

Inferior to the glabella, forming the dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity

What is the standard shape of the zygomatic bones?

Diamond shaped

What part of the head is defined by the measurement from zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch?

The widest part of the face

What feature is the lateral rim of the eye socket, formed by the processes of the frontal and zygomatic bones?

The zygomaticofrontal process

Which paired bones form the skeletal base of the superior face and the roof of the mouth?

The maxilla bones

What is the small bony projection located at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity on the maxilla?

The nasal spine of the maxilla

What are the alveolar processes?

Bony ridges containing the sockets for the teeth

Which bone is described as horseshoe shaped and forms the inferior jaw?

The mandible

What are the two main parts the mandible is broken into?

The body and the ramus

What is the mental eminence?

The chin, often associated with a person placing their hand there while thinking

The angle of the mandible marks the widest part of which region of the face?

The lower $\frac{1}{3}$

What three features are found on the ramus of the mandible?

The coronoid process, the condyle, and the mandibular notch

Geometric Form of the Skull

Oval from the front, top, and side.

Puberty

The stage of growth until which the male and female skulls remain similar in development.

Female Skull Size

Lighter and smaller than the male skull by about $10\%$.

Female Skull Shape

Generally more rounded and smoother than the male skull.

Male Skull Characteristics

Thicker than the female skull with more prominent ridges and eminences.

Coronal Suture

One of the three major sutures of the adult skull.

Lambdoidal Suture

One of the three major sutures of the adult skull.

Squamosal Suture

One of the three major sutures of the adult skull.

Fontanelles

The \"soft spots\" of an infant skull made of individual cranial bones that have not yet fused.

Cranial Bone Fusion Timeline

The process where individual cranial bones grow together for about $12-18$ months after birth.

Old Age Jaw Characteristic

Reduction of the size of the upper and lower jaws due to tooth loss and bone absorption.

Alveolar Processes

Bony ridges on the inferior surface of the maxilla and superior surface of the mandible which contain sockets for teeth.

Occipital Bone

Unpaired bone forming the lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain.

Foramen Magnum

A large opening located in the occipital bone.

Occipital Protuberance

A bony prominence on the exterior surface of the occipital bone.

Parietal Bones

Paired bones forming the superior portion of the sides and back, and the posterior $\frac{2}{3}$ of the cranial roof.

Parietal Eminences

Rounded prominences on the parietal bones that mark the widest part of the cranium.

Temporal Bones

Paired bones forming the inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, anterior to the occipital bone.

Temporal Cavity

A feature or depression located on the temporal bone.

Squama

The vertical portion of the temporal bone.

External Auditory Meatus

The ear passage; a deep hole on the inferior portion of the medial $\frac{1}{3}$ of the ear.

Zygomatic Arch

Formed by processes of the temporal and zygomatic bones; it determines the widest part of the face.

Mandibular Fossa

Small depression on the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates.

Mastoid Process

Rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear.

Frontal Bone

The anterior third of the cranium, forming the forehead and the anterior portion of the roof of the skull.

Vertical Surface

The forehead portion of the frontal bone extending from the eye sockets to the frontal eminences.

Horizontal Surface

The crown portion of the frontal bone which ascends superiorly until it reaches the parietal bones.

Frontal Eminences

Paired rounded prominences on either side of the median line of the frontal bone.

Supraorbital Margins

The paired superior rims of the eye sockets.

Superciliary Arches

Bony ridges on the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows.

Glabella

An unpaired bony prominence located between the superciliary arches at the root of the nose.

Sphenoid Bone

An unpaired bone of the neurocranium considered a non-surface bone in RA.

Ethmoid Bone

An anterior cranial bone located between the eyes.

Nasal Bones

Paired bones directly inferior to the glabella forming a dome over the superior nasal cavity.

Zygomatic Bones

Paired diamond-shaped bones that form the cheek bones.

Zygomatic Arch Depression

A lesser concavity of the face located on the lateral cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch.

Zygomaticofrontal Process

The lateral rim of the eye socket formed by the processes of the frontal and zygomatic bones.

Maxilla

Paired bones forming the skeletal base of the superior face, roof of the mouth, and sides of the nasal cavity.

Nasal Spine of the Maxilla

Small bony projection on the median line at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity.

Frontal Process of the Maxilla

The ascending part of the upper jaw that rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone.

Mandible

The unpaired, horseshoe-shaped bone forming the inferior jaw.

Body of the Mandible

The horizontal, horseshoe-shaped division of the mandible.

Ramus of the Mandible

The vertical division of the mandible.

Mental Eminence

A prominence on the anterior portion of the body of the mandible.

Incisive Fossa

A depression found on the body of the mandible.

Coronoid Process

A projection on the anterior part of the ramus of the mandible.

Mandibular Condyle

The posterior process of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone.

Mandibular Notch

The depression between the coronoid process and the mandibular condyle.

Angle of the Mandible

The junction of the posterior ramus and inferior body; marks the widest part of the lower $\frac{1}{3}$ of the face.

Widest Part of the Cranium

The measurement between the two parietal eminences.