CH 11- blood opsal 2026

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Last updated 3:05 PM on 8/24/26
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34 Terms

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Functions of Blood

Transportation (O₂, nutrients, wastes, hormones, enzymes); Regulation of body temperature; Protection against blood loss & microorganisms.

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Formed Elements

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets.

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Percentage of H2O in plasma

91%.

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Percentage of albumins in plasma

58%.

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Albumins

Maintain blood osmotic pressure.

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Percentage of Globulins in plasma

38%.

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Globulins

Antibodies for immune function.

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Percentage of Fibrinogen in plasma

4%.

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Fibrinogen

Essential for blood clot formation.

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Hematopoiesis

Production of formed elements in red bone marrow.

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Hemocytoblast

'Mother' stem cell; gives rise to all formed elements except lymphocytes.

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Lymphoid Stem Cell

Produces lymphocytes.

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Hematocrit Test

Measures % of RBCs in whole blood.

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Coagulation Time

Measures how long blood takes to clot.

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Blood Typing

Determines ABO & Rh blood groups.

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Differential WBC Count

Measures % of each WBC type; important for diagnosing infections & disorders.

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RBC Shape

Biconcave for increased surface area.

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RBC Structure

No nucleus; filled with hemoglobin.

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Hemoglobin Structure

4 polypeptide chains; carries oxygen.

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RBC Regulation Pathway

↓ O₂ → Kidneys → EPO → Bone Marrow → ↑ RBC production → ↑ O₂ (negative feedback).

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Macrophage Function

Engulf old RBCs.

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Hemoglobin Breakdown

Globin → amino acids; Heme → iron + biliverdin.

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Iron Recycling

Iron released from heme → liver → reused for new RBCs; transported by transferrin.

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Biliverdin/Bilirubin

Converted to bilirubin; excreted in feces.

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Hemochromatosis

Excess iron storage; treated by removing blood.

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Neutrophils

60–70%; phagocytes; inflammation; release histamine & heparin; form pus.

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Eosinophils

2–4%; fight parasites; involved in allergies.

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Basophils

0.5–1%; release histamine & heparin; inflammation.

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Lymphocytes

20–25%; T & B cells; adaptive immunity.

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Monocytes

3–8%; become macrophages in tissues.

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Normal WBC Count

5,000–9,000 WBCs/mm³.

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Factors Affecting WBC Count

Infections, stress, dehydration.

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Low WBC Count

Caused by bacterial/viral infections.

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High WBC Count

Caused by infections, MI, burns, leukemia, parasites, stress.