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Functions of Blood
Transportation (O₂, nutrients, wastes, hormones, enzymes); Regulation of body temperature; Protection against blood loss & microorganisms.
Formed Elements
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets.
Percentage of H2O in plasma
91%.
Percentage of albumins in plasma
58%.
Albumins
Maintain blood osmotic pressure.
Percentage of Globulins in plasma
38%.
Globulins
Antibodies for immune function.
Percentage of Fibrinogen in plasma
4%.
Fibrinogen
Essential for blood clot formation.
Hematopoiesis
Production of formed elements in red bone marrow.
Hemocytoblast
'Mother' stem cell; gives rise to all formed elements except lymphocytes.
Lymphoid Stem Cell
Produces lymphocytes.
Hematocrit Test
Measures % of RBCs in whole blood.
Coagulation Time
Measures how long blood takes to clot.
Blood Typing
Determines ABO & Rh blood groups.
Differential WBC Count
Measures % of each WBC type; important for diagnosing infections & disorders.
RBC Shape
Biconcave for increased surface area.
RBC Structure
No nucleus; filled with hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin Structure
4 polypeptide chains; carries oxygen.
RBC Regulation Pathway
↓ O₂ → Kidneys → EPO → Bone Marrow → ↑ RBC production → ↑ O₂ (negative feedback).
Macrophage Function
Engulf old RBCs.
Hemoglobin Breakdown
Globin → amino acids; Heme → iron + biliverdin.
Iron Recycling
Iron released from heme → liver → reused for new RBCs; transported by transferrin.
Biliverdin/Bilirubin
Converted to bilirubin; excreted in feces.
Hemochromatosis
Excess iron storage; treated by removing blood.
Neutrophils
60–70%; phagocytes; inflammation; release histamine & heparin; form pus.
Eosinophils
2–4%; fight parasites; involved in allergies.
Basophils
0.5–1%; release histamine & heparin; inflammation.
Lymphocytes
20–25%; T & B cells; adaptive immunity.
Monocytes
3–8%; become macrophages in tissues.
Normal WBC Count
5,000–9,000 WBCs/mm³.
Factors Affecting WBC Count
Infections, stress, dehydration.
Low WBC Count
Caused by bacterial/viral infections.
High WBC Count
Caused by infections, MI, burns, leukemia, parasites, stress.