Prof Comm Final Exam Review

intrapersonal communication

communication internal to the communicator (internal language or thought)

interpersonal communication

process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is face-to-face communication (person to other person/people)

group communication

communication to a group of people

nonverbal communication

symbolic behavior/all forms of communication except words; includes gestures, facial expressions, and body positions (known collectively as "body language")

attitude

a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior. (barrier to communication); "I don't want to be here today"

culture

the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. (barrier to communication)

education

the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. (barrier to communication); "what does that mean?"

environment

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates (barrier to communication); "It's too hot outside"

social

relating to society or its organization. (ex. strangers) (barrier to communication)

mass media

any medium that allows for many receivers (ex. apps, news channels, etc.)

extroversion

energy outward toward people and things/beyond yourself (your energy comes from outside/other people) *Myers Briggs*

introversion

energy inward towards ideas and concepts (your energy comes from yourself/alone time) *Myers Briggs*

sensing

Paying attention to physical reality, what I see, hear, touch, taste, and smell. I'm concerned with what is actual, present, current, and real. *Myers Briggs*

intuition

Paying the most attention to impressions or the meaning and patterns of the information I get. I would rather learn by thinking a problem through than by hands-on experience. "sixth sense" *Myers Briggs*

thinking

When I make a decision, I like to find the basic truth or principle to be applied, regardless of the specific situation involved. I like to analyze pros and cons, and then be consistent and logical in deciding. *Myers Briggs*

feeling

I believe I can make the best decisions by weighing what people care about and the points-of-view of persons involved in a situation. I am concerned with values and what is the best for the people involved. I like to do whatever will establish or maintain harmony. *Myers Briggs*

judging

I use my decision-making preference (whether it is Thinking or Feeling) in my outer life. To others, I seem to prefer a planned or orderly way of life, like to have things settled and organized, feel more comfortable when decisions are made, and like to bring life under control as much as possible.

*Myers Briggs*

perceiving

I use my information function (whether it is Sensing or Intuition) in my outer life. To others, I seem to prefer a flexible and spontaneous way of life, and I like to understand and adapt to the world rather than organize it. Others see me staying open to new experiences and information. *Myers Briggs*

panel discussion

a specific discussion format used in a meeting, conference or convention; informal in front of an audience (group of specialists)

round table discussion

type of discussion where participants agree on a specific topic to discuss and debate. Each person is given equal right to participate, as illustrated by the idea of a circular layout

symposium discussion

a meeting or conference for the discussion of some subject, especially a meeting at which several speakers talk on or discuss a topic before an audience. (formal with opposing views)

town hall meeting

(public meeting) a way for local and national politicians to meet with their constituents, either to hear from them on topics of interest or to discuss specific upcoming legislation or regulation.

avoidance

form of conflict resolution where the person blatantly ignores someone

accommodation

form of conflict resolution where a person takes someone else's thoughts into opinion

coercion

form of conflict resolution where there is argument or difference in opinion

compromise

a form of conflict resolution where both people give something up to achieve something in the middle (an exchange)

negotiation

type of conflict resolution where the discussion aimed at reaching an agreement. (business exchange)

collaboration

type of conflict resolution where people work together to achieve something

intrapersonal conflict

conflict within oneself

group conflict

conflict that occurs between two or more people in a team of some sort

environmental conflict

conflicts that manifest themselves as political, social, economic, ethnic, religious or territorial conflicts, or conflicts over resources or national interests, or any other type of conflict.

interpersonal conflict

a conflict that occurs between different people

organizational conflict

state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together.

appreciative listening

type of listening behavior where the listener seeks certain information which they will appreciate, for example that which helps meet his/her needs and goals.

discriminative listening

most basic type of listening, whereby the difference between difference sounds is identified. If you cannot hear differences, then you cannot make sense of the meaning that is expressed by such differences.

deliberative listening

listening that is done on purpose/intentional to achieve some ends

critical listening

Listening in order to evaluate, criticize or otherwise pass judgment on what someone else says.

empathetic listening

listening where you are seeking to understand what the other person is feeling.

communication filters

experiences, emotion, age, family, physical, attitude, morals, religion, condition, and biases

positive body language

fig leaf, open "V", power pose/stance

negative body language

closed off, crossed arms, crossed legs

eye contact

is important to engage, to listen and pay attention, to show speaker that you care about what they're saying, and to show confidence

good posture

having a straight back, affects how others perceive you because it shows confidence

jumping to conclusions

when you do not hear someone out and simply draw conclusions/judgements for yourself

over reacting

when you respond to someone/something very over the top, leading to more conflict

criticizing

when you give the speaker criticism

laissez faire

leadership style where the government/leader does not interfere with the workings of the group (ex. capitalism)

democratic

leadership style where members are encouraged to share/feel more engaged and rewarded (ex. United States govt.)

autocratic

leadership style with a lot of direct leadership, no nonsense, less personal freedoms

visual

learning style where learner learns best by seeing things/picture

auditory

learning style where learner learns best by hearing things said aloud

kinesthetic

learning style where learner learns best by touching/doing/building things

aggressive tones

my way or the highway, wants to win at all costs, is not concerned with other's feelings or thoughts

assertive tones

direct, but tactful

passive tones

doesn't talk much, hard to read, easy to get them to back down

leaders

people who lead a group of people to accomplish something by being respectful and responsible, valuing others, and being a problem solver

manuscript

a speech that is written word for word, it reduces errors but often lack of connection

memorized

a speech that is memorized word for word, it allows for an exceptional delivery, but you may lose your place

extemporous

a speech that has an outline only, it makes it sound natural but lacks fluency occasionally

impromptu

a speech that is delivered with no notes whatsoever, allows for originality but you may lose train of thought/get off topic

visual aids

can aid the flow and comprehension of a presentation but should always be appropriate and on time

fact

a statement that is undeniably truthful

opinion

a statement that is that of the speaker, could be true, could be false, not really reliable

ethics

someone's compass of what is right and wrong morally

CC

something used in an email (Courtesy/carbon copy), used when you want someone to be informed, but not necessarily needing them to respond

BC

something used in an email (blind copy), used when you want someone to see an email but not want others to see that they are included

job interview

a formal conversation between employer and hopeful employee where questions about education, achievements, past jobs, references, etc. are asked; employer wants to know strengths and weaknesses to know what person is capable of (practice talking)

job resume

an official document that lists all professional goals, achievements, education, and resources that a professional seeking a job may have, should be kept short (1 page)

productivity

in the workplace, this means getting things done

email

an electronic tool that can be used both professionally and personally for communication but should be treated differently because one could be potentially embarrassing

telephone message

when leaving these, they should follow this order:

1. name

2. business

3. number

4. conclusion

networking

a socioeconomic business activity by which business people and entrepreneurs meet to form business relationships and to recognize, create, or act upon business opportunities, share information and seek potential partners for ventures.

emotional appeal

propaganda device that invokes strong feelings about product

bandwagon

propaganda device that basically says that since everyone else is doing/buying it, so should you

repetition

propaganda device where repeating a simple phrase makes in memorable

testimonial

propaganda device where they are using another person's celebrity to sell a product

humor

propaganda device where they draw people's attention to humor

inductive reasoning

a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.

deductive reasoning

a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true.

straw man

an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponent's real argument.

ad hominem

an argumentative strategy whereby an argument is rebutted by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, or persons associated with the argument, rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself.

red herring

a kind of fallacy that is an irrelevant topic introduced in an argument to divert the attention of listeners or readers from the original issue.

slippery slope

argument, in logic, critical thinking, political rhetoric, and caselaw, is a consequentialist logical device in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect.

false cause

is a category of informal fallacies in which a cause is incorrectly identified.

ethos

the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its beliefs and aspirations.

pathos

a quality that evokes pity or sadness.

logos

proof of rationality and logic

budget

an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time; $$\=better props, consider is it worth it? when making an advertising one.