WHAP AP TEST REVIEW

all topics, everything you need to know

Hinduism

shows up in 1500 BCE

Shaped India’s culture social structure and politics

Foundation of much of what happen in India

Caste system

Movement up and down the Caste System is believed to happen during reincarnation.

Dharma

Hindus Belief that they need to live their dharma (duty)

A person Dharam is determined by ones Caste

ex: warrior caste their Dharma is to be a warrior

Karma

Living ones dharma leads to good karma

Good karma is believed to move people up the caste system bad karma moves people down

Impacts on Politics in India

Created a weak central Gov. people more focused on dharma than emperor rule

Regional rule in India

Large social organization because everyone knows their place in life/Caste

Early years has strong political organization as religious leaders lead politics and religion

resulted in decentralized government.

Brahmins (Definition)

religious leaders that lead politics in the early yearns in India

Buddhism

Developed in India Around 600 BCE

Based on philosophy and personal journey than worship

goal is to reach Nirvana (Enlightenment)

Emphasized personal journey

Believe in reincarnation as part of the journey to enlightenment

4 noble truths

Life is suffering

Suffering is caused by selfish desires

eliminate selfish desires to reach enlightenment

Eliminate selfishness by following the eightfold path

Eightfold path

A key principle in Buddhism, outlining the path to enlightenment through right understanding, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

egalitarianism

Buddhism is egalitarian meaning everyone is equal followers give up all desires making them equal

Missionaries

Buddhism involves proselytizing

monks and nuns live in monasteries and go out on missions

Proselytizing

the practice of attempting to convert individuals to a religion or belief system, often through active outreach and sharing of teachings.

Spread of religion (Buddhism)

Spread through trade

Spread to southeast Asia

spread from India east to southeast Asia (Cambodia Laos Vietnam and Indonesia) through trade and missionaries

Angkor Wat

Located in modern day Cambodia

Originally a Hindu temple then became a Buddhist temple

demonstrates cultural diffusion and the spread of religion from India to southeast Asia

East Asia (places)

China/Korea/Japan

Confucianism

Dominant in China originated around 600 BCE

same with the rise of Buddhism in India

Confucianism brings societal organization and is based on filial piety

Filial piety

respect for elders and those in positions of authority

it emphasized the importance of knowing ones place within defined relationships

5 Basic Relationships in Confucianism

ruler to ruled

father to son

older brother to younger brother

friend to friend

husband to wife

China under Confucianism

Strict patriarchy

emphasizes bureaucracy, education, high ethics, values, and morals for a better society

other ideologies in China

Legalism, and Daoism/ Taoism

Legalism

authoritarian philosophy characterized by strict cruel punishment to instill fear and maintain control

Daoism/Taoism

a philosophy based on the balance in nature

Buddhism in China

spread to China in 500 CE through missionaries and trade

Egalitarian nature of Buddhism was altered to align with confusion beliefs syncretism

Chen Buddhism

Practiced by upper class in China involving secret ceremonies

Mahayana Buddhism

practiced by the lower class emphasizing salvation and allowing followers to remain on earth

Middle East

Judaism and Christianity

Judaism

originated in the middle east modern day Israel and the first monotheistic religion

based on the ten commandments which provide laws for revering god and treating neighbors

Christianity

started in the middle east Jerusalem and branched off from Judaism sharing the same foundation

believe that Jesus was the savior sent by god

monotheistic

faith in Jesus as a savior

active missionaries spread through the Mediterranean

egalitarian

Roman Catholic Church

the first formal church that developed from Christianity is the roman catholic church this church is based in Rome

Eastern Orthodox Church

in 1054 the eastern orthodox church developed in the byzantine empire due to the schism

Islam

developed in 600 CE started in mecca

is monotheistic and borrows from Judaism

believed that Muhammad is the last and greatest of the prophets

Early Expansion of Islam

conquest

during the initial phase under Muhammad in early 600 Islam spared though conquest Muhammad conquered the Arabian peninsula to under people under Allah

Later expansion of Islam

by 700-800 Islam spread though trade Muslim empire starched across north Africa to Spain and as far as India protecting ride routs

Five pillars of Islam

prayer each day

expression of faith

hajj to mecca once in a life time

charity redistribution of wealth to the poor

and fasting during Ramadan.

Islam in India

Islam in India in the 700-800 early interaction involving madman and ghazi in 900 were violent forced conversions and destructions of Hindu temples

1200 Islam became more popular in idea leading to a Hindu minority ruling over a Muslim majority.

commonalities among the ideologies

spread through trade- Christianity Buddhism and Islam

egalitarianism- Buddhism Christianity and Islam

and order and organization- Confucianism and Hinduism

Tang Dynasty

618-907

were great conquerors expanded to central Asia Vietnam and Korea

the collected tribute as gifts and taxes

kowtow was seen as respect to the Chines emperor

verry Patriarchal

Tribute (Tang)

was reciprocal China received tribute the others received chines culture in return

Sinification

effects: Similar writing system/ spread of Buddhism

Continuities in China (Tang)

Kept confucion belfis civil service exam beaurocracy strong central government meritocracy and the mandate of heaven.

Chines social hierarchy

emperor-ruler

Landed Aristocracy-wealthy land owners

Scholar gentry- Individuals who passed the civil service exam and have positions in government

artisans/farmers

Merchants- tat the bottom because they were viewed as not contributing.

Silk Road

silk road ran form China to the meditational

traded silk horses tea and paper

trade lead to cultural diffusion Sinification and technology spread

caused cities to grow and because centers of cultural exchange

Tang Agriculture

Champa Rice from Vietnam

lead to population increase

like the three field system and the second Agi revolution

Continuities from previous dynasties

grand canal connected north and south trade

manufactured goods from the north sent to the south

great wall of China

filial piety

song dynasty

paid tribute indicated politics and military weakness

too many beurocrates- civil service was too easy lead to increased corruption less competent and strain on gov

weakened the gov.

Military weakness (song)

bearcats in military

poor leadership and inability to protect borders.

lost territory

fled invaders from he north

became the southern south dynasty

song strengths

population boom

specialized labor/ urbanization

Technological advancements

Junk ships

rudder

abacus-Ancients calculator

gunpowder- printing press

spread through trade in Hangzhou and Guangzhou

Flying money

song dynasty created paper money safer for trader protecting against pirates

innovated trade deposit flying money for credit used to get silver and gold made trade faster

neo confusionism

confusionism blended with buhism highly anit foreign reinforced the idea of the middle kingdom

was very patriarchal

foot binding- symbol of statue and patrichchy

as city’s rise women fall

Yuan (Dynasty/ Changes)

Mongols conquered China

ended the civil service-no more scholar gentry

Muslim scholars were brough in to be beurocrats

Chinese no longer beurocrates

Kublai khan was the emperor

merchants climbed the social hiarchy because of the reliance on the silk road.

Social prcatices

foot binding continued in chines culture

Mongols didn’t practice it

Decline

bubonic plague broke out killed half the pop

chines rebels overthrew the Mongols leading to the Ming dynasty

broke the continuities of civil service and confusionism

Delhi Sultanate

south Asia

Islam invaded India 700

Umayyads focused on collecting the jizya

Mahmud ghazi invaded India around the 100 attempting to force the pop to convert to Islam

harsh enforcements of conversion eventually stopped

Muslim empire (dehli sultanate)

first Muslim empire in India

Muslim minority over Hindu majority

set up Muslim rule in India for the next thousands of years

Hindu Muslim conflict persisted influence the partition of India

Ghana/ Mali

Ghana-Peaked around 1000

Mali conquered Ghana in 1200-1400

gold Salt Trade-primary economic activity for both Mali and Ghana via the trans Saharan route.

Trans Saharan Route

Connected west Africa to the Arabian peninsula and Abbasid caliphate

use of camels and camel saddles

Facilitated technology and the transportation of goods

Gold and salt trade

Gold was font primary in the wester part of Africa grassland kingdoms

salt was sourced from northern regions

Mali profited by taxing the fold salt trade as it passed though its territories.

Muslim slave trade

Mali was involved in the slave these was prominently women and children slaves were not Muslim but traders were

Economic and military growth

wealth from trade helped both Mali and Ghana to strengthen their governments and bult powerful militaries.

Mansa Musa

hajj to mecca was an extravagant display of wealth particularly in Cairo

brought back architects Muslim scholars and books to Mali transformed places like Timbuktu into center of learning with libraries and educations

architecture in Mali

Timbuktu and Jena has a distinct architectural style made with mud and sand represents new architectural adaptation to the environment.

Jula (deffentiton)

Merchants that worked closely with the Mali governing indicating government involvement in trade.

Islam in Mali

elites converted first lower class practiced animism

contrasted other region where peasants converted because of the egalitarian nature of the religion.

ibn Battuta

traveler who explored Dar al-Islam noticed that in Mali the women didn’t adhere to sharia la and women are allowed to be unveiled

Delhi Sultanate/ Sufism

Sufism defined a more personal relationship with Allah les rigid than tradition Islam less emphasis on quarn the five pillars and sharia law

gained popularity in India spread to south east Asia and Indonesia

Spread though missionaries and allowed local people to blend their culture with it often polytheistic making conversion easier

Swahili coast/ Zanj Coast

east coast of Africa

monsoon winds facilitated trade continuity in African trade

Muslim merchants controlled the area significant continuity

Indian ocean trade

regulated by Muslim merchants- no government control

sharia law facilitated control

Muslims that followed sharia law learned Arabic to read the Quran and shared religion practices such as fasting and praying

Swahili coast cities

Kiliwa Mombasa Mogadishu and Zanzibar

function as city states controlled by Muslim elites

Islam spread though merchants some who practiced polygamy with wives in different cities their families converted to Islam

Goods Trades

Swahili coast- Raw materials Gold/Peacock Feathers/Ivory/ Slaves

Arabian Peninsula- Horses/ Glass/Textiles(taffeta and Muslin)

India- Spices(pepper)/Jewels/ Cotton

Mali/Swahili Trade

did not trade together Mali traded with Mediterranean and Swahili trade with the Indian ocean

Umayyad Successor

Muslim conflict after Muhamad dies

Suni Shia split

suni- Muhamad Example

Shia- was blood relative

Umayyad (religion)

Was tolerant especial to people form the book/ monotheistic

Took up poll tax/jizya allowed people to practice thier religion

low amounts of converts

Umayyad (characteristics)

Known for conquering into the middle East to Spain to India

Left regional rulers in place

Cordoba Califate

Umayyad decent center of education and university

never went through he dark ages

1400 Muslims were kicked out of Spain

Abbasid

Smaller Empire modern day Iran/ Iraq

Bagdad is the capital

heavily inspired by the Persian empire (bureaucracy language and writing) central government

Wazir/Vizier

Was the top Bureaucrat

Kalif/Sultan

had spies

Were tied to religion

No separation of powers

Spread though Trade (Abasid)

silk road though Baghdad and Tabriz

long distances

manufactured goods

Religion (Abbasid)

Spared of religion though trade

Islam grows because converts didn’t have to pay the jizyas

Mawali-Converts

Education (Abbasid)

math grows- algebra/geometry/ decimal/ concept of zero/ Arabic numerals/ trigonometry/calligraphy

increase in univeristy’s- house of wisdom a moth school in Baghdad

Social hierarchy (Abbasid)

Sultan

Ayan/Vizier/Ulama (compete for power)

merchants

artisans

peasants

Women under Abbasid

cities grow women fall patriarchy rise

the veil is introduced repressed women

the haram, 4 wives, polygraphy

concubines live in the haram for ruler

women have influence thorough husband

Abbasid Successor

infanticide- mothers kill competition (other wives babies) to take the throne

fratricide- brother kill each other for the throne

Califate

A form of Islamic government led by a caliph, considered a religious and political successor to the Prophet Muhammad, maintaining unity among Muslims.

Mongol Characteristics

conquers

great ruler Ghenggis/Chinggis Khan

pastoralist sheep horses nomadic yurts

unified tribes and conquered all of Eurasia

logiest contiguous empire

from the steppes grassland in central Asia

Mongols Fighting

fast conquering

tumen

went to cities and they were consider tolerant choice to pay tribute or be conquered

Baghdad Kiev Rus and Beijing all fell to them

fought by battering ram catapult took prisoners for fodder(human shield) and fake retreats

Changes (Mongols)

take power with local rule autonomy

took over Russia golden horde

Moscow becomes tribute collector local rulers in place no religion in culture prosecution spare the scholars/artisans

Pax Mongolic

peace on the silk road safe trade cultural transformation patrolling it and taxing trade on silk road made it safe

creatin of yams-rest stops

four khanates

separate int o 4 golden hoard Mongols yuan and il khanate il khanate were converted to Islam in the middle east they weren’t as tolerant

the yuan separated no intermarriage in China there was no blend of cultures

Golden horde

Is Russian Kiev burred down Moscow was tributary begins serfdom peasants bound to land to be able to pay tribune cutoff from Europe were still in dark ages

effects of trade (Mongol Era)

trade spread into silk road culture and education exchange

the bubonic plague begins in China then goes to Europe as the black death disease

Aztecs

1300-1520

borrow form Mayans/ulmex

originally nomadic then settled into central Mexico

Aztec politics

Tenochtitlan- capital middle of lake Texcoco

city sates allow to run as city states autonomy regional rule

conquered had to pay tribute and had to worship the aztects

great speaker was the ruler

tribute system (Aztect)

conquered people had to pay tribute

the tribute is to give what they were good at

making weapons or goods

Religion (Aztecs)

great speaker consider to be a god

theocracy

polytheistic

worship the sun god Huitzilopochtli

human sacrifice could be tribute to feed the sun god also used to control neighbors

Trade (Aztects)

no long distance trade

trading obsidian and other good with conquered cities states.

Aztec Characteristics

chinampas the water farming let them crop rotate and add more gardens when pop grows

Symbols for writings (pictographs)

have a calendar study astronomy

have some sort of math

missing wheels iron and beast of burden (horses ect)

Engineering Aztecs

agriculture increased so pop increased

created a giant island

great engineering

causeways- bridges to the cites that would lift to allow boats to pass though

and aquadux like sewer system bring water form the mountains

Social (Aztecs)

was a patriarchy

merchants are valued

divvied into social groups called calpuli based on occupation

they had a merchant calpuli known as the calpecha

also valued worriers