Oxidation Numbers/Gas laws/Stoichiometry

Oxidation

the loss of an electron(s) by an atom

reduction

the gain of an electron(s)

Reducing agent

The substance that has lost electrons

Oxidizing agent

The substance that has gained electrons

Oxidation Numbers

numbers that are assigned based on a set of rules

Oxidation numbers

assigned based on a set of rules

Oxidation numbers represent

the charge that the atom would have if the bonding was totally ionic

peroxide

a compund containing two oxygen atoms bonded together in its molecule or as the aniono

free element

element that exists in its pure, uncombined form, not bonded to other elements

Oxidation Number for a Free Element

Zero

The sum of oxidation numbers in a compound

must add up to zero

Oxidation number for oxygen is -2

except in peroxide when it is -1

In compounds when oxygen is bonded to flourine

it is +2

fluorine is the most electronegative element

always takes the -1 state

The oxidation number for Hydrogen is +1 except

in metallic hybrids when it is -1

monatomic ion

a charged particle made from just one atom, formed when a neutral atom gains or loses one or more electrons, resulting in an electrical charge

The oxidation number for a monatomic ion is equal to

its charge (Na+, Mg2+, N3-)

The sum of the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is equal to

It’s charge SO4⬆2-

Metals do not want to gain electrons

the maximum oxidation state for a metal is zero

Kinetic molecular theory

attemps to explain the behaviours of thesse particles (solid,liquid,gas) that make up matter

According to the kinetic molecular theory for gasses

gas molecules collide with each other and with the walls of the container exerting pressure

The instrument used to measure pressure

barometer

barometor developed by

Scientist Toricelli

Toricelli’s barometer

a device that measures atmospheric pressure by balancing the weight of the air against the weight of a column of mercury in a sealed glass tube

use boyle’s Law

to calculate change in pressure or volume of a sample of gas at a constant temperature

Boyle’s law formula

P1V1 = P2V2

use Charle’s Law

to calculate the change in temperature or volume of a sample of gas at constant pressure

Charles law formula

V1/T1 = V2/T2

Use Combined Gas Law

to calculate changes in pressure temperature, or volume of a sample of gas

Combined Gas Laws formula

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Use Ideal gas law

To solve problems including pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles

Ideal gas law formula

PV= nRT

R is equal to

0.0821 x atm/mol x K