history final

roots of the revolution

the english colonists in america were increasingly independent and embraced their own politics (republicanism)

mercantilism

the belief that a nations wealth and power is measured by the amount of gold or silver; everything in the economy is done to benefit the mother country

navigation laws

rules to carry out mercantilist ideas such that american goods were required to be sent to england (colonists could not make choices about the economy)

salutary neglect

britains ignored the colonists for a while before war bc they were functioning well on their own

merits of mercantilism

1. salutarty neglect

2. free protection of british army and navy

menaces of mercantilism

1. ruined american economy

2. americans felt used (harmed relations)

great britains state after 7 yrs war

british were in grave debt and began to tax the colonists

quartering act

colonists were forced to hosue british soldiers

stamp act

every paper was taxed so that the british could raise money for a new military

stamp act congress

repealed the stamp act through a protest of british goods both informally (tar and feather) and formally (non importation agreement)

townshend acts

the group of taxes that the british imposed on the colonists

boston massacre

colonists threw rock snowballs at british soldiers who then opened fire and shot 11 and even killed some

east india tea company

london gave monoply rights to this company which the colonists saw as a hidden tax so the sons of liberty (radicals) organized the boston tea party

the shot heard round the world

paul revere warned the patriots to hide their weapons and hide and as the britsh retreated somone shot, starting the rev war at Lexington

britain’s advantages in war

1. 7.5 million ppl

2. powerful navy

3. lots of gold and silver

4. hessians

britains weaknesses in war

1. ireland

2. france

3. bad people

colonial strengths in war

1. george washington

2. france gave aid

3. fought defensively

4. had a cause

colonial weaknesses in war

1. 3 parties: patriots, moderates, and loyalists

2. no money

3. british navy was GOOD

second continental congress

met to address the issues w britain

1. resent greivences

2. raised $$ for army and navy

3. appt Washington as general

bunker hill

first major battle, technically second one; colonists get the hill but run out of gunpowder and forced to surrender

olive branch petition

sent by colonists to britain to ask for peace and in response king george declares colonies in rebellion and hires hessians

thomas paine

wrote common sense telling the colonists that they should just break away from Britain

battle of trent

washington crossed the delaware river dec 26 to catch hessians by surprise and gets his FIRST REAL VICTORY

burgouyne’s blunder

british have planned to split up and meet at albany but they don’t know the terrain well and

1. arnold takes too long

2. burgoyne loses a battle and is down men

3. howe breaks off and goes to philly

saratoga

1/3 british parties gets to albany and are outnumbered so they must surrender; france enters the war on colonist side; TURNING POINT

yorktown

gen cornwallis (brit) tries to get supplies but the french seal them off of the chesapeake bay and the british are forced to surrender; END OF THE WAR

treaty of paris

1. england had to recognize american independence all the way to mississippi river

2. america retained some rights in newfound land

3. american loyalists were to be treated fairly

order of the battles in revolutionary war

lexington and concord, ft ticonderoga, bunker hill, quebec, long island, trenton, princeton, saratoga, monmouth, cowpens, yorktown

1776 continental congress

called for each state to write their own consitiution which eded up sharing many aspects

republican motherhood

title of pristeige for women in the post revolutionary era; idea that women raised children and held great power and responsibility with future of republic

post revolutionary war economy

very bad: had to build own trade network to repay debts from war

post revolutionary war government

confederation was formed and run by the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION which were intentionally weak

land ordinance 1785

divided ohio river valley with sections and townships

strengths of articles of confed

1. step to national unity

2. middle of const/ and full indep

weaknesses of articles of confederation

1. no taxing

2. no trade

northwest ordinance 1787

made a process for states to enter

stage 1: land was TERRITORY

stage 2: once territory reaches 60,000 people, they draft a constitiution and send it to congress

stage 3: statehood!

the critical period

1783-1787: the country struggles; foreign ties are bad; rebellions started (shays’)

impact of shays’s rebellion

the congress became aware that they were too weak and could not control the mobs, it called for a convention which ended in the constitiution

virgina plan

the idea that there should be a bicameral legislature with representation based on the population of the state (FEDERALISTS)

new jersey plan

the idea that there should be a bicameral legislature with equal representation from each state

the great compromise

middleground of VA and NJ plans; creates a bicameral legislature with senate having equal and house being population based

3/5 compromise

slaves are counted as 3/5 of a person when determining population

interstate commerce clause

gave congress the power to regulate commerce among the states to ensure a free trade environment

federalists

argued in favor of the constitution because they wanted a strong central govt

antifederalists

opposed the constitution because they were afraid it would impose on states and individual rights; eventually cave w a bill of rights

laggard states

VA, NY, NC, RI (last ones to retify constitution)

BEFAT

hamilton’s financial plan:

B.U.S

Excise Tax

Funding at Par

Assumption

Tariffs

whiskey rebellion

govt had to break up a mob; “cease and desist”; govt realized that the constitution was effective

jays treaty

john jay sent to negotiate w britain (imp. of sailors) but brits REFUSE and the natives partnered w them and kills americans —> leads to federalists wanting war

john adams

2nd president of US; not a very good president

XYZ Affair

Marshall was sent to negotiate w france and was met by agents X Y and Z who demanded loans and a bribe of $250,000 just to talk to the prime minister

quasi war

with france; lasted 2 yrs ; adams had to create a navy bc the french acctacked us in the west indies w their navy

convention of 1800

napoleon came into power and negotiates franco american alliance, ending the quasi war

alien and sedition acts

federalists passed laws intending to reduce jeffersonian power (immigrants); sedition said that anyone who criticized govt was subject to fines and imprisonment

virgina and kentucky resolutions

states believed that they had the right to nullify unconstitutional laws; planted the seed that people could leave union (civil war)

federalist legacy

1. hamilton’s financial plan

2. washington’s precedents

3. kept US out of war

4. preserved democratic gains and endured mobs

5. 2 party system

6. westward expansion

big jolly hamilton finds nervous jefferson entering x quarters angering white americans

bill of rights, judiciary act, hamilton’s financial plan, french rev, neutrality proclanation, jays treaty, election of 1796, xyz affair, quasi war, alien and sedition acts, washington’s precedents, revolution of 1800

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Ruled that the federal government had implied powers and established that states cannot tax federal institutions.

Jefferson’s Perspective

Championed a "strict constructionist" view of the Constitution initially, but set that aside to purchase Louisiana.

Barbary Wars

U.S. conflicts with North African pirates that forced Jefferson to increase naval military action, contradicting his budget-cutting ideals.

Louisiana Purchase

Bought from France for \(\$15\) million in 1803, doubling the size of the United States.

Lewis and Clark

Explored the new territory, gathering scientific data and mapping routes to the Pacific.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson’s disastrous ban on all American foreign trade, meant to punish Britain and France but primarily destroying the U.S. economy.

War of 1812 (Causes)

British impressment of U.S. sailors, interference with neutral shipping, and Western "War Hawks" (like Henry Clay) who wanted to conquer Canada and stop British-backed Native American resistance.

Three Phases

(1) Failed invasions of Canada, (2) British blockades and the burning of Washington, (3) U.S. victories (e.g., Battle of New Orleans) and peace.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the war in a stalemate with territory reverting to pre-war boundaries.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of disgruntled Federalists in New England who discussed secession due to the war's economic disruptions. Their grievances led to the permanent destruction of the Federalist Party.

American Nationalism

A massive surge of patriotism following the "Second War for Independence".

Henry Clay’s American System

A nationalist economic plan proposing a strong national bank, protective tariffs, and federally-funded internal infrastructure (roads/canals).

Era of Good Feelings

The period of political harmony (only one major party- Democratic-Republicans) during James Monroe’s presidency

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in the U.S. caused by post-war economic speculation

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, drawing a line (36°30') to dictate future slavery expansion and preserve the congressional balance.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. foreign policy declaring the Americas off-limits to European colonization and interference.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native American tribes to resist white expansion in the Northwest Territory; allied with the British.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

John Quincy Adams won the presidency over Andrew Jackson after Henry Clay threw his support to Adams in the House of Representatives in exchange for becoming Secretary of State.

Spoils System

Jackson’s practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

Bank of the U.S. (B.U.S.) Destruction

Jackson vetoed the bank's re-charter and withdrew federal funds, placing them into state ("pet") banks, which triggered widespread economic instability.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

A cripplingly high tariff favored by Northern manufacturers but deeply despised by Southern planters.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina declared the 1828/1832 tariffs unconstitutional and threatened to secede. Jackson threatened military force, resulting in a compromise tariff.

Indian Removal Act (1830) / Trail of Tears

Authorized the forced relocation of southeastern Native American tribes to western territories, leading to devastating death tolls on the 1,000-mile march.

Lone Star Republic

Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836, existing as an independent nation for nearly a decade before annexation.

Jacksonian Democracy

Promoted universal white male suffrage, a shift away from elite governance, and intense two-party political organization

1st Industrial / Market Revolution

A massive shift from self-sufficient farming to a national, commercial, and manufacturing economy

Immigration

Millions of Irish (fleeing potato famine) and Germans arrived, fueling both factory labor and westward expansion

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment (especially against Catholics), forming the Know-Nothing Party

Transportation

The Erie Canal, steamboats, and the National Road dramatically lowered shipping costs and connected the East Coast to the Midwest

Factory System

Centralizing manufacturing under one roof (Lowell Mills), relying heavily on young, unmarried female workers initially

Cult of Domesticity

The prevailing cultural view that women's place was strictly in the private, domestic sphere to raise virtuous children

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival that emphasized individual salvation, free will, and emotional preaching

It fueled numerous secular reform movements

Utopian Communities

Experimental societies (e

g

, Mormons, Shakers, Brook Farm) attempting to perfect human existence and communal living

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement (led by Emerson and Thoreau) that emphasized intuition, individualism, and a connection with nature over organized religion/rationalism

Temperance

A widespread social movement aimed at limiting or entirely banning alcohol consumption

Women’s Rights & Seneca Falls (1848)

The first organized women's rights convention in the U.S (led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott), where the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted

Planter Aristocracy

The wealthy elite who owned the majority of land and slaves, controlling the political and social life of the South

White Majority

The majority of white southerners were non-slaveholding subsistence farmers, yet they supported the system due to racial hierarchy

Slave System

A brutal, hereditary system of forced labor that involved harsh physical conditions, the constant threat of family separation, and systemic control