Psychiatric Nursing: Psychosis, Schizophrenia, and Related Disorders

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering psychiatric nursing concepts, including schizophrenia, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and legal/ethical aspects based on the lecture transcript.

Psychosis

A state of mind characterized by no longer dwelling in reality.

Schizophrenia

A condition meaning "split minds," a term coined by Eugene Bleuler; formerly known as Dementia Praecox by Emil Kraeplin.

Elias Domingo

The individual recognized as the Father of Philippine Psychiatry.

Sisa

The epitome of a Filipina woman suffering from mental illness, often referenced in Philippine literature.

Hereditary Factors (Schizophrenia)

The genetic risk for schizophrenia, including a $35-50\%$ chance for identical twins and a $15\%$ chance for fraternal twins or if one parent is affected.

Toxoplasmacis

An infection from cat feces that puts an individual at risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter produced at the substantia negra in the basal ganglia; an increase causes positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while a decrease causes negative symptoms.

4As of Schizophrenia

The primary symptoms identified by Eugene Bleuler: Autism, Ambivalence, Affect, and Associative looseness.

Autism (Schizophrenia)

One of the $4As$, characterized by being pre-occupied by self or living in a "world of their own."

Ambivalence

One of the $4As$, representing opposing feelings and indecisiveness, such as saying "I love you but I hate you."

Flat Affect

A condition where the patient displays no emotion or expression.

Associative looseness

Speech disturbances where the patient jumps from one topic to another without logical connection, caused by an altered thought process.

Hallucination

Abnormal sensory perception without a basis in reality or external stimuli.

Auditory Hallucination

The most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia, which may include "command hallucinations."

Formication

A tactile hallucination common in cocaine toxicity or alcohol withdrawal, described as the sensation of insects crawling on the skin.

Illusion

Abnormal sensory perception with an actual external stimulus or basis in reality.

Delusion

A fixed false belief that cannot be corrected by logic.

Erotomonia

A delusional disorder where the individual believes someone, typically a famous person, is in love with them.

Delusion of Persecution

The most common delusional disorder, characterized by the belief that one is being harmed, spied on, or poisoned.

Cotard Delusion

The specific belief that one is already dead.

Neologism

The coining of new words that are only understood by the patient.

Word Salad

A speech disturbance involving the random mixing of words.

Echolalia

The repetition of words spoken by others, also known as "parroting."

Waxy Flexibility

A psychomotor disorder where a patient assumes and maintains an awkward position for a long period of time.

Echopraxia

The copying of gestures, movements, or actions of others, also known as "mirroring."

Positive Symptoms

Schizophrenia symptoms caused by increased dopamine levels, including hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia.

Negative Symptoms

Schizophrenia symptoms caused by decreased dopamine levels, including volition (loss of motivation), anhedonia, and alogia (poverty of speech).

Brief Psychotic Disorder

The presence of psychotic symptoms for a duration of less than $1$ month.

Schizophreniform Disorder

A condition showing the same signs and symptoms as schizophrenia but lasting less than $6$ months.

Folie a deux

A shared psychosis where a delusion is transferred to a second person in a close relationship with the psychotic patient.

SOLER

A technique for establishing rapport: Sitting squarely, Open posture, Lean forward, Eye contact, and Relaxed attitude.

Restraint Protocol

A last-resort intervention requiring a doctor's order every $24\,hrs$, with a maximum application time of $2\,hrs$ before reassessment.

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

The first anti-psychotic, known as the "wonder drug of psychiatry."

EPS (Extrapyramidal Symptoms)

Side effects of antipsychotic drugs including akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia.

Akathisia

The most common EPS, characterized by an inability to sit or stand still, often described as "ants in the pants."

Oculogyric Crisis

A type of dystonia involving the upward rolling of the eyeballs.

Tardive Dyskinesia

An irreversible or permanent condition appearing after $6$ months of treatment, involving lip smacking and tongue protrusion.

NMS (Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome)

A fatal side effect of antipsychotics marked by high fever ($104^{\circ}F$), excessive muscle rigidity, and increased CPK levels.

Metabolic Syndrome

A side effect of atypical antipsychotics ($2nd$ generation) involving hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and weight gain.

Agranulocytosis

A dangerous decrease in WBC count associated with Clozapine, requiring monitoring for fever and sore throat.

ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)

A procedure inducing a grand-mal seizure to treat severe schizophrenia or major depressive disorder, typically performed $6-12$ times.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder involving a refusal to eat energy foods, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a body image disturbance.

Lanugo

The growth of fine hairs on the body due to fat depletion, acting as a compensatory mechanism for thermoregulation in anorexia.

Cachexia

A wasting syndrome resulting in severe weight loss, often described as "buto't balat."

Bulimia Nervosa

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like purging.

Russel's Sign

Scars on the knuckles caused by manual induction of vomiting in bulimia nervosa.

Hildegard Peplau's Levels of Anxiety

The categorization of anxiety into four levels: Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Panic.

GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

Excessive worry and anxiety present for at least $6$ months, involving symptoms like restlessness and muscle tension.

Selective Mutism

A consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite being able to speak in other situations.

Agoraphobia

The fear of open or crowded spaces where escape might be difficult, often leading the individual to stay at home.

Trichotillomania

An obsessive-compulsive related disorder involving the compulsive pulling of one's hair.

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

A trauma-related disorder with symptoms lasting more than $1$ month, typically occurring after a $3$-month period following the event.

Algor Mortis

The physical sign of death involving the loss of metabolic heat and cooling of the body ($1-2\,hrs$ after death).

Rigor Mortis

The stiffening of the body after death due to the depletion of ATP in muscle cells ($2-6\,hrs$ after death).

Livor Mortis

The reddish/purple discoloration of the body after death caused by the gravitational pooling of blood.

DABDA

Elisabeth Kubler Ross's stages of grieving: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

A paraphilia involving the act of exposing one's genitals in public.

Voyeuristic Disorder

A paraphilia where gratification is obtained from observing unconsenting victims undressing, also known as "peeping tom."

Pedophilia

A disorder where an individual ($16\,y/o$ or older) has a sexual interest in pre-pubertal children, typically with an age gap of at least $5$ years.

Dyspareunia

Painful sexual intercourse, often associated with medical conditions like cervical cancer.

Dissociative Fugue

A condition triggered by trauma where a person travels to a new location, loses their memory of identity, and assumes a new personality.

DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)

Formerly known as "Multiple Personality Disorder," characterized by the presence of $2$ or more distinct personalities within one individual.