BIOL 117 Final Exam Review

Flashcards of vocabulary terms and definitions from lecture notes on endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems.

Negative Feedback Loop

Output of a system decreases the initial stimulus or input.

Local Hormones

Signaling molecules that do not circulate in the blood. They may bind to the cells that release them (AUTOCRINE) or to neighboring cells (PARACRINE).

Eicosanoids

Type of local hormone formed from fatty acids within the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane. Prostaglandins stimulate pain and inflammatory responses.

Humoral Release

Gland cell releases its hormone when there is a change in levels of a nutrient or ion in the blood.

Neural Release

Gland cell releases its hormone when a neuron stimulates it.

Hormonal Release

Gland cell releases its hormone when another hormone binds to it.

Releasing Hormones

Increase secretion of anterior pituitary hormones (e.g., TRH, PRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH).

Inhibiting Hormones

Decrease secretion of anterior pituitary hormones (e.g., PIH and GIH).

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Release triggered by TRH, causes release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland.

Prolactin (PRL)

Release triggered by PRH, inhibited by PIH, causes milk production and mammary gland growth in females.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Release triggered by CRH, causes release of corticosteroids by adrenal cortex.

Gonadotropins

Release triggered by GnRH, regulates ovarian development and secretion of estrogen/progesterone in females, regulates sperm development and secretion of testosterone in males.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Causes liver to secrete insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which helps GH to stimulate cell growth and division; release controlled by GHRH and GHIH.

Zona Glomerulosa

Outer layer of the adrenal cortex; secretes mineralocorticoids to regulate electrolyte levels.

Zona Fasciculata

Middle layer of the adrenal cortex; secretes glucocorticoids to regulate blood sugar (e.g., cortisol increases blood sugar).

Zona Reticularis

Inner layer of the adrenal cortex; secretes gonadocorticoids (sex hormones; androgens are male sex hormones made by adrenals, converted to estrogen in females).

Calcitonin

Decreases blood calcium levels; produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid.

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Increases blood calcium levels; released by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands (methods: liberates it from bone or decreases its loss in urine).

Vitamin D

Converted to calcitriol by kidney enzyme which raises blood calcium.

Alpha and Beta Cells

Secrete glucagon and insulin in the pancreas.

Diabetes Mellitus

Inadequate uptake of glucose from blood, chronically elevated glucose, and blood vessel damage.

Meiosis

Sex cell division that creates 4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different from each parent cell; includes crossing over.

Prophase I

Pairing up homologous replicated chromosomes (synapsis) to form a tetrad, crossing over occurs, breakdown of nuclear envelope.

Ovulation

Release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle on day 14/28.

Luteal Phase

Remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine gland that secretes estrogen and progesterone.

Uterine Cycle

Cyclical changes in endometrial lining that is influenced by estrogen and progesterone.

Menstrual Phase

Functional layer of endometrium is shed; menstrual bleeding occurs on days 1-5 of the uterine cycle.

Proliferative Phase

New functional layer of endometrium is developed on days 6-14 of the uterine cycle; overlaps with follicle growth and ovary secreting estrogen.

Secretory Phase

Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum causes increased vascularization and uterine gland development on days 15-28 of the uterine cycle.

Menarche

First menstruation; typically occurs about two years after the first signs of puberty

Menopause

Women cease cycling for one year without being pregnant or having any other medical condition, typically occurs around 45-55.

Spermiogenesis

Process of sperm development that begins during puberty when significant amounts of FSH and LH are secreted.

Testes

Small organs housed within the scrotum that produce sperm and androgens.

Epididymis

Stores sperm until fully mature and motile, composed of head and body and tail, internally contains long duct of the epididymis.

Seminal Fluid

Alkaline secretion to neutralize vaginal acidity, produced by accessory glands.

Acrosome Cap

Forms over nucleus, contains digestive enzymes to help penetrate secondary oocyte during fertilization.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, transport respiratory gases in the blood.

Leukocytes

White blood cells, defend against pathogens.

Vascular Spasm

Blood vessel constriction to limit blood leakage, lasts from few to many minutes.

Coagulation

Network of fibrin (insoluble protein) forms a mesh that traps all elements of blood to form a clot.

Cardiac Output

Measurement of the amount of blood pumped out by a single ventricle in one minute; measures effectiveness of cardiovascular system.

Frank-Starling Law

The heart contracts more forcefully when stretched more by increased blood volume before contraction, heart is able to increase stroke volume in response to increase in EDV.

Afterload

Resistance in arteries to ejection of blood by ventricles, pressure must be exceeded before blood can be ejected.

Functional Residual Capacity

Volume of air left in lungs after a quiet expiration (expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume)

Tissue Gas Exchange

Movement of gases between the blood and the systemic cells

Boyle's Law

A relationship between volume and pressure: P1 V1 = P2 V2; Pressure of a gas decreases if a volume of the container increases and vice versa

Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis = inadequate oxygen, too much hydrogen ion concentration, too much CO2 ; Respiratory alkalosis = low CO2, low hydrogen ion concentration

Gl tract organs

Organs that come into contact with food in the digestive system

Accessory organs

Assist in the breakdown of food in the digestive system

Visceral Peritoneum

Covers the external surfaces of abdominal organs.

Parietal Peritoneum

Lines the inner surface of the abdominal wall.

Intracellular

Fluid within the cells, ⅔ of total body fluid, enclosed by plasma membrane

Extracellular

Fluid outside of the cells, includes the interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid surrounding cells) and blood plasma (extracellular fluid within blood vessels)