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What is development?
a series of changes in the state of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism.
What is the difference between development and growth?
Development produces organisms with a defined set of characteristics and growth produces more or larger cells
What is the structure or form of an organism called?
morphology
How many axes are the body plan?
3 axes: dorsoventral axis, anteroposterior axis, and left-right axis
What are plants body plans?
root/shoot axis, radial patterns
How are morphogens distributed?
asymmetrically along a concentration gradient; giving positional information
Where morphogen gradients established?
first in the oocyte and later in the embryo by secretion and transport
True or false most animals are triploblastic?
true
What are the 3 cell layers of embryos?
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
What are the five events of embryogenesis?
fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis
What extra step may be included in embryonic development
metamorphosis of larva to adult after organogenesis
What are the stages of vertebrate development
fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis, and adulthood
What reaction is required for fertilization?
acrosomal
What type of reaction blocks polyspermy?
cortical
What is cleavage?
repeated cell divisions without cell growth
What organisms go through meroblastic cleavage?
Birds and fishes
What type of cleavage is meroblastic cleavage?
incomplete
What is the vegetal pole?
where yolk is more concentrated in the egg
What is the animal pole?
where there is less yolk and more cytoplasm in the egg
What organisms go through holoblastic cleavage?
amphibians and mammals
What type of cleavage is holoblastic cleavage
complete
In what stage does blastula become gastrula?
gastrulation
What happens in the ectoderm?
the epidermis and nervous system are formed
What happens in the mesoderm?
the heart, limbs, muscles, kidneys, blood, connective tissues, and notochord are formed
what happens in the endoderm?
epithelial lining of the gut, liver, pancreas, thyroid, lungs, and bladder are formed
What does neurulation create?
the CNS (central nervous system) from ectoderm
Where doe neurulation begin?
the formation of neural tube from ectoderm located dorsal to notochord
Where do neurons and their supporting cells originate from?
neural precursor cells derived from neural tube
How does the neural tube form?
thickening and elongation, folding, convergence, and fusion
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