VBSC 421 lec exam 3 final

What type of vessels carry lymph fluid?

Thin-walled vessels near veins and capillaries

What do lymphatic vessels contain?

White blood cells

What is the pathway of lymph fluid in the lymphatic system?

Lymphatic vessel > Lymphatic ducts > Lymph nodes > Thoracic Duct > Heart

Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body tissues

Edema

What happens during heart contraction?

Oxygenated blood is forced out of the aorta

Pressure during contraction of cardiac ventricles

Systolic Blood Pressure

Pressure during relaxation of cardiac ventricles

Diastolic Blood Pressure

What does pressure do as vessels become smaller?

Decreases

The average blood pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle

Mean Arterial Pressure

What type of circulation do fish exhibit?

Single

What type of circulation do amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals exhibit?

Double

How many chambers are in the heart of fish? (Chambers, Parts)

2 chambers, 4 parts

What are the four parts of a fish's heart (body → gills)?

Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus

What is unique about the heart structure of amphibians?

3 chambers: Left and right atrium, Single ventricle

How many chambers does a reptile heart have?

3

What structure separates the pulmonary and systemic circulation in mammals?

The four chambers of the heart.

What does the ductus arteriosus connect and what does it do during fetal blood flow?

Connects pulmonary artery to aorta

Bypasses the lungs

What happens to the ductus arteriosus at birth?

Closes and becomes ligamentum arteriosum

What allows blood to pass through two sets of capillaries without going through the heart?

Portal System

Where does the liver portal system deliver blood from?

Gastrointestinal tract

What system is found in all vertebrates except mammals that returns hind limb veins to renal capillary beds?

Renal portal system

What system are lymph nodes critical for?

The immune system

What is lymphadenopathy?

Swelling of lymph nodes

What are the components of lymph nodes?

Capsule, Cortex, Medulla

A heart attack caused by blockage of blood flow to the heart

Myocardial infarction

What involves intertwining capillaries that prevent heat loss in extremities?

Countercurrent heat exchange

What is the predominant type of fluid carried in lymph?

Acellular fluid

What arteries supply blood to the myocardium?

Coronary arteries

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

Epicardium

What principle regulates thermoregulation in blood flow?

Neuronal control

What helps regulate blood pressure?

Baroreceptors

What type of structure are aortic arches?

Paired in embryos

How many aortic arches do most embryos have?

6 (Mostly)

Which arch in fish becomes the gills?

Branchial arches

What does arch 3 develop into in mammals?

Carotid arteries

What factors are responsible for the systemic circulation in reptiles?

Aorta, Left systemic arch, Right systemic arch, Pulmonary arch

What are the key components of the heart wall (inner to outer)?

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

Where does the blood flow go after it circulates through the digestive system?

Hepatic portal veins

What is the role of the heart as a pump?

Circulate blood and supply oxygen

What circulatory changes occur at birth?

Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close

What is an important characteristic of the heart in birds and mammals?

It maintains a dual circulation system.

What reproductive strategy involves eggs developing outside the reproductive tract, typical in birds and reptiles?

Oviparity

What reproductive strategy involves the egg developing inside the female's reproductive tract with additional nutrients?

Viviparity

What reproductive strategy involves organisms reproducing multiple times throughout their lives?

Iteroparity

What reproductive strategy involves organisms reproducing only once in their lifetime?

Semelparity

What embryonic layer do the genital ridge and gonads develop from?

Mesoderm

What ridge in the developing embryo gives rise to both the urinary and reproductive systems?

Urogenital ridge

What organ produces gametes, such as testes in males and ovaries in females?

Gonad

What glands contribute fluids to semen in male reproductive anatomy?

Accessory glands

What is a common cavity for the excretion of urine and feces and for the reproductive organs in some vertebrates?

Cloaca

What cap-like structure over the head of a sperm cell contains enzymes aiding in penetrating the egg?

Acrosome

What layer of connective tissue surrounds the testes?

Tunica Albuginea

What is an immature ovarian follicle containing an oocyte?

Primordial Follicle

What tubes within the testes are where sperm is produced?

Seminiferous Tubules

What duct is through which an ovum moves from an ovary to the uterus?

Oviduct

What is another term for the Fallopian tube, involved in female reproduction?

Oviduct

What duct transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?

Vas deferens

What embryonic structure develops into female reproductive structures?

Mullerian duct

What is the developmental area in an embryo that gives rise to gonads?

Genital ridge

What is the organ used for mating in male animals?

Copulatory organ

What are paired reproductive organs in male reptiles and some other species used for copulation?

Hemipenes

What hormone is involved in the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy?

Progesterone

What is the process of sperm cell development in the testes?

Spermatogenesis

What type of fertilization occurs outside the female body and is common in aquatic animals?

External fertilization

What type of fertilization occurs inside the female body, providing a more controlled environment for embryo development?

Internal fertilization

1. Medulla

2. Follicles

3. Cortex

1. Primordial Follicle

2. Oocyte

3. Follicular Cell

1. Primary Follicle

2. Oocyte

3. Follicular cell

1. Oocyte

2. Zona Pellucida

3. Zona granulosa

1. Oocyte

2. Zona Pellucida

3. Zona granulosa

4. Corona radiata

5. Antrum

1. Tunica albuginea

2. Seminiferous tubules

3. Epididymis

1. Tunica albuginea

2. Blood vessel

3. Seminiferous tubules

Urinary System Functions

1. Waste Excretion

2. Conserve water/electrolytes

3. Calcium homeostasis

4. RBC production

Embryological origin of the urinary system

Mesoderm

What ridge does the urinary system develop from?

Nephric Ridge

3 parts of the nephric ridge:

1. Pronephros

2. Mesonephros

3. Metanephros

What is the combination of mesonephros and metanephros?

Opisthonephros

What type of structure is the pronephros?

Transient structure

What does the pronephros produce?

Pronephric tubules and duct distal to the cloaca

What is the functional structure formed from the pronephros in lower vertebrates?

Glomeruli

What is the function of the pronephros in higher vertebrates?

None

What happens to the mesonephros?

Fuses with the pronephric duct

Function of the mesonephros in adults

None

Function of the mesonephros in adult FISH or amphibians

Turns into functional opisthonephros

What does the metanephros develop into?

Ureter

What does the ureteric diverticulum do?

Stimulates tubule formation

What is the function of the metanephros?

Part of the functional opisthonephros

Kidney phylogeny of the lamprey

Primitive Opisthonephros

Kidney phylogeny of MOST adult fish

Opisthonephros

Kidney phylogeny of SOME adult fish

Pronephros

Larval amphibian kidney phylogeny

Pronephros

Adult amphibian kidney phylogeny

Opisthonephros and sperm

Ebryo amniote kidney phylogeny

Mesonephros

Adult amniote kidney phylogeny

Metanephros with well-differentiated tubules

What is the main filtration unit of the kidney?

Glomerulus

1. Glomerulus

2. Bowman’s Capsule

What is the purpose of the Bowman’s capsule?

Catch filtrates

3 portions of the Nephron

1. Proximal Loop

2. Intermediate Loop of Henle

3. Distal Loop

What two tubules make up the Uriniferous Tubule?

1. Nephron

2. Collecting Duct/Tubule

Where is the proximal loop found in the kidney?

Cortex