topic 3 : challenges of an urbanising world

push factor

makes people want to leave the city because of unemployment, poor living conditions etc.

pull factor

makes people stay in the city because of better facilities, more jobs, better education etc.

What’s the rise of Detroit?

• became the home of a successful car industry

• gave the economy a boost

What’s the fall of Detroit?

competition from cars made abroad affected the car indistry so sales of US-made cars decline

urbanisation

increasing percentage of people living in urban areas

migration

movement of people into or out of a city

natural increase

difference between the number of births and deaths

major cities

cities with population of 200,000+

megacities

cities with population of 10 million+ (e.g Tokyo, Shanghai)

primate cities

largest city that dominates its economic, financial and political systems. their growth is fuelled by rural-urban migration and industrial development, therefore they have the best infrastructure in the country

formal employment

jobs where people work without regular pay, have enployment rights and pay taxes

informal employment

jobs where people work without regular pay and employment rights, unofficial work

scale of activity of formal employment

large scale - usually in a factory

scale of activity of informal employment

small scale - may be on street corners

developed countries

usually have a broad range of different industries:

• little primary industry

• many tertiary industries (tourism, health…)

• quaternary industries (IT, culture, media…)

Emerging countries

often have:

• little primary industry

• manufacturing that processes primary products (sugar refining)

• very large tertiary industries

• smaller quaternary industries which is growing rapidly

Developing countries

usually have:

• little primary industry

• secondary industry that often processes primary products

• very large tertiary industires

• a small quaternary sector which is growing

primary sector

jobs are in farming, mining and fishing

secondary sector

manufacturing. This would involve involve taking the raw materials from the primary sector and converting them into new products

tertiary sector

provides a service. Services are activities that are done by people or businesses for consumers.

quaternary sector

Provides information services.