KAAP320 exam 1- cardiovascular system

What systems consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood?

Circulatory System

What refers to only to the heart and blood vessels?

Cardiovascular System

What has the fundamental purpose to transport substances from place to place within the body?

Circulatory system

What is the liquid connective tissue that transports substances to different parts of the body?

blood

What is the noncellular portion of blood making up a little over half of blood volume?

Plasma

Where do most of the plasma proteins come from?

Liver

What are cell/cell fragments of RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets suspended within plasma?

Formed Elements

What is the separation of blood into its basic components based on centrifugation and coagulation?

Blood fractionation

What is the percentage of blood volume that is composed of erythrocytes?

Hematocrit

What is the most abundant plasma solute by weight and plays roles in things like clotting and defense?

Protein

Which plasma protein is the most abundant within plasma?

Albumin

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to blood viscosity, solute transport and is responsible for colloid osmotic pressure?

Albumin

Which plasma protein has 3 subclasses with transport, clotting and immunity?

globulins

Which Alpha Globulin transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes?

Haptoglobulin

Which Alpha Globulin transports copper?

Ceruloplasmin

Which Alpha Globulin promotes blood clotting

Prothrombin

What Beta Globulin transports Iron?

Transferrin

What beta globulin aids in the destruction of toxins and microorganisms?

complement proteins

What type of Globulins produce antibodies and combat pathogens

Gamma (y) globulin

What is the sticky precursor to the sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot?

Fibrinogen

What is the toxic end products of catabolism?

Nitrogenous Wastes

What ion makes up about 90% of plasma cations and is more important than any other solute to blood osmolarity?

Sodium

What is the resistance of a fluid to flow resulting from the cohesion of its particles?

Viscosity

What is important to circulatory function due to the partial governing of the flow of blood through vessels —> to thin/thick?

Viscosity

What is the total concentration of solute particles that produces the ‘pulling force’ for fluid reabsorbtion?

Osmolarity

What is the molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through a blood vessel wall?

Osmolarity

What is the portion of the osmotic pressure of a body fluid due to its protein?

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

What is the production of blood, especially the formed elements?

Hematopoiesis

What functions to pick up oxygen from the lungs to deliver to the body as well as take CO2 from tissues to unload in the lungs?

Erythrocytes

What is the most abundant formed element of the blood and a sever deficiency in these can be fatal within a few days?

Erythrocytes(RBC’s)

What has a high surface/area volume ratio due to loss during maturation as well as increases substance diffusion rate?

Erythrocytes

What is a discoidal cell that lacks nucleus/DNA and relies on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP due to lack of mitochondria?

Erythrocytes

What is the red pigment that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color?

Hemoglobin

What is the normal hematocrit range in men?

41-53%

What is the normal hematocrit range in women?

36 to 48%

What is the hormone secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia and stimulates erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin

What is the oxygen deficiency in the blood?

Hypoxemia

What is the rupture of red blood cells releasing hemoglobin and leaving empty plasma membranes?

Hemolysis

What occurs when RBC count rises in attempt to restore homeostasis?

Polycythemia

Stomach acid coverts Ferric Acid(Fe³+) into what so that the small intestine can absorb iron?

Ferrous Acid

What is the protein that is produced in the stomach that binds Fe2+ to be transported into the small intestine?

gastroferritn

What is the plasma protein that binds to Fe2+ after iron is absorbed into the blood from the small intestine to be carried to the liver, bone marrow and other tiisues?

Transferrin

What is the iron-storage complex that holds excess iron as well as releases ferrous ions when needed?

Ferritin

What is the protein that binds to excess iron in the liver?

Apoferritin

Where do many RBC’s go to die?

Spleen

What condition results from the deficiency of RBC’s or hemoglobin?

Anemia

What condition occurs from an excess of RBC’s due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of red bone marrow?

Primary Polycythemia (polycythemia vera)

What is the most common form of nutritional anemia cause by blood loss without enough dietary iron to compensate for the loss?

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

What is the autoimmune disease in which antibodies destroy stomach tissue and can be found in the older population?

Pernicious Anemia

What is the decline in erythropoiesis considered?

hypoplastic Anemia

the complete destruction of the myeloid tissue/complete cessation of myeloid tissue is called what?

Aplastic Anemia

Hypoxia and reduced osmolarity and viscosity are potential consequences of what?

anemia

What is the hereditary hemoglobin defect found mostly in people of the Middle East, India and Africa?

Sickle cell disease

What is the least abundant formed element that affords protection against infection and disease?

Leukocytes

What Granulocyte is the most abundant WBC that serves to destroy bacteria by phagocytosis, intracellular digestion and secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

Neutrophil

Which granulocyte phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes, allergens and inflammatory chemicals as well as secretes enzymes to fight parasitic infections?

Eosinophil

Which granulocyte produces heparin, histamine and other chemicals involved with inflammation?

Basophil

What chemical produced by basophils is a vasodilator that widens the blood vessels to speed up flow of blood to an injured tissue as well as makes blood vessels more permeable to allow clotting proteins/neutrophils to get to tissues faster?

Histamine

What chemical secreted by basophils is an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and promotes mobility of other WBC’s in the area?

Heparin

What agranulocyte has numerous types/roles in innate, humoral and cellular immunity?

Lymphocyte

What agranulocyte is specialized to migrate into the tissues and transform into a macrophage?

Monocyte

Which agranulocyte increases in number during inflammation and viral infections and travel into the bloodstream to transform into macrophages?

Monocytes

Leukopoiesis and Erythropoiesis both begin in the same what?

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

What is the name of the condition in which the total WBC count falls below 5,000 WBC/uL?

Leukopenia

What is the route of blood flow that supplies blood to the lungs for gas exchange and return it to the heart?

Pulmonary Circuit

What is made up of all blood vessels that convey blood from the left ventricle to all organs of the body and back to the right atrium of the heart?

Systemic circuit

The right side of the heart supplies blood to which division of the cardiovascular system?

Pulmonary Circuit

The left side of the heart supplies blood to which division of the cardiovascular system?

Systemic Circuit

What is the heartbeat considered due to the signal originating within the heart itself?

Myogenic

Cardiomyocytes are joined end-to-end by thick connections called what?

Intercalated Discs

Cardiac Muscle relies almost exclusively on what to produce ATP?

Aerobic Respiration

What distinctive feature of intercalated discs has folded ends of plasma membrane to interlock adjoining cardiomyocytes with each other also increasing surface area of intercellular contact?

Interdigitating folds

What distinctive feature of intercalated discs tightly join cells by fascia adherens and desmosomes?

Mechanical Junctions

What are patches of mechanical linkage that prevent the contracting cardiomyocytes from pulling apart?

Desmosomes

What distinctive feature of intercalated discs form channels that allow ions to flow from the cytoplasm of one cardiomyocyte directly into the next?

Electrical Junctions

What muscle type has very little capacity for mitosis and regeneration?

Cardiac

What is composed of an internal pacemaker and nervelike conduction pathways through the myocardium and coordinated the heartbeat?

Cardiac Conduction System

What is the patch of modified cardiomyocytes in the right atrium that is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat/determines heart rate?

Sinuatrial (SA) Node

What is the group of autorhythmic cells in the interatrial septum of the heart that relays excitation from the atria to the ventricles?

Atrioventricular Node

What is the pathway by which signals leave the AV node and soon forks into right/left bundle branches that enter the interventricular septum and descend toward the apex?

Atrioventricular Bundle

What consists of processes that arise from the lower end of the bundle branches and are composed of modified cardiomyocytes specialized for electrical conduction rather than contraction?

Subendocardial Branches

What is the normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node?

Sinus Rhythm

What is any region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node?

Ectopic Focus

The gradual depolarization of a stable SA node RMP starting at about -60mV and drifting upward is called what?

Pacemaker Potential (pre-potential)

What is produced when a signal from the SA node spread through the atria and depolarizes them?

P wave

What is generated by ventricular depolarization immediately before diastole?

T wave

What is any deviation from the regular SA node driven sinus rhythm of the heartbeat?

Arrhythmia

What has the purpose of depolarizing the entire myocardium and stop fibrillation with the hope that the SA node will resume a normal sinus rhythm?

Defibrillation

What is the cessation of cardiac output with the ventricles either motionless or in fibrillation?

Cardiac Arrest

What consists of one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart?

Cardiac Cycle

What is the name of sounds mad by the body?

Auscultation

During diastole, what occurs as the ventricles expand and their pressure drops below that of the atria causing the AV valves to open?

Ventricular filling

By the end of ventricular filling each ventricle contains ~130mL of blood, what is this called?

End-Diastolic Volume

What occurs when the atria depolarizes, relaxes and remains in diastole for the rest of the cardiac cycle?

isovolumetric contraction

During what phase of the cardiac cycle does the pressure in the ventricles rise sharply reversing the pressure gradient between the atria and ventricles causing the AV value to close?

Isovolumetric contraction

Ventricular ejection of blood begins when what exceeds arterial pressure and forces of the semilunar valves open?

ventricular pressure

what is the volume of blood ejected by one ventricle of the heart in one contraction?

stroke volume

the amount of blood left in a ventricle after contraction is considered what?

end-systolic volume

what cardiac cycle phase occurs early in ventricular diastole when the T wave ends and the ventricles begin to expand?

Isovolumetric relaxation

At the beginning of what does blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk briefly flow backward through semilunar valves?

ventricular diastole