Geography End of Year

Physical geography

natural features like: rocks, beaches, the sea, rivers, mountains and lakes. natural disasters: tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes. how the world changes around us.

Human geography

how and where we live: places we live in, how rich or poor we are and how we travel around. how the human race is growing.

Environmental geography

 how we affect the environment. how we waste things.how we spoil the countryside.how we can look after the environment and how we can waste less. It is also about global warming and other massive climate-affecting events.

How clouds form is

Physical Geography

Looking for work is

 Human Geography

Protecting Pandas is

Environmental Geography

 The best place to shop is

Human Geography

 Caves is

Physical Geography

Acid rain is

Environmental Geography

A small scale map is

a large map but with a small amount of detail.

A large scale map is

a small map but with a large amount of detail.

A headland

is a narrow piece of hard land that projects into the sea.

A bay

is an area of soft rock, where the coastline curves inwards; often it has beaches.

Erosion

 is the wearing away of rock and material and by waves and particles in the sea.

Transportation

is the movement of materials along the coast by waves.

Deposition

is when materials are dropped because the waves lose energy.

 hydraulic action

The waves carry all eroded materials and drop it depending on the wind because the waves go the same direction as the wind.The water is forced into the cracks in the rock to help break it

Soluble material from the rock is dissolved

Is called a solution

attrition

Chunks of rock are knocked together to make smaller bits and turned into shingles or sand

 Groynes

help stop the beach and sand being carried away by the sea.

Abrasion

when sand and pebbles get flung onto rock and worn away

longshore drift

The process of items being moved by waves

Shingles

 small pebbles that can make up beaches

A fetch

the length of open water that the wind blows which builds up to the wave height

 A swash is

 the direction of the movement of the waves which is influenced by the wind and fetch

Backswash

The movement of the waves back out to sea (due to gravity)

Prevailing wind

where the wind blows predominantly from one specific direction

What creates the waves

 The stretch of the ocean, how long the wind has been blowing for and the fetch

cross shore current

takes sediment down the coast in the process called longshore drift

Suspension

 when light materials float within the water. (Transportation types)

Traction

when larger rocks roll along the sea bed which is the bottom of the ocean

Solution (Transportation types)

when materials get dissolved within the water and move across the water while dissolved.

Saltation

where smaller rocks that are too heavy to be suspended hop along the seabed.

Deposition

 sediment is moved across the sand with waves.

Weathering

where the weather wears out a piece of rock. It is a bit like erosion but instead of the water creating the holes in rock the weather does

Physical weathering

rocks are broken down without changing their chemical composition (e.g. due to wind or water freezing in the cracks of rocks)

Biological weathering

 when rocks are broken down due to living things ( e.g. animals burrowing or tree roots breaking the soil).

Chemical weathering

 where rocks are broken down due to chemical reactions (e.g. slightly acidic rain reacts with the rock and dissolves it slowly).

 bar

The swash hits the beach at an angle, due to the prevailing wind.The backswash returns to the sea, at right angles to the beach, influenced by gravity. If a spit continues to grow, due to longshore drift and deposition, over time it may end up joining onto the next headlaned, completely blocking a bay or estuary.

Behind a bar a ______ will form

Lagoon

tombolo.

A spit may continue to grow until it joins with an island;

Constructive waves

build up beaches as they have a strong swash and a weak backswash.

Storm surges are destructive waves

 so they have stronger backwash and are therefore more likely to take material away, and erode the coast.

Seawall

They deflect waves as to prevent damage to the land behind them. It protects against erosion.

Groynes

They catch the sediment that has been transported by longshore drift, backwash and swash.It attracts tourists and helps get rid of erosion.

Rock armour/rip rap

A large wall of rock created to slow down the process of erosion.

Thermal expansion

as water gets warmer the particles get bigger and so its volume of it expands.

Land glacier melt

 Glaciers which are already buoyed in the sea are already accounted for in the water’s  volume so when they melt they do not cause it to rise. Glaciers or ice sheets which are currently on land WILL add to the sea levels when they melt.

The greenhouse effect

when multiple gases are trapped in the atmosphere preventing the heat escaping earth. It is called the ‘Greenhouse effect’ because like a greenhouse it lets in heat (from the sun) but doesn't let the heat out causing the weather to be more hot.

What is a glacier

A huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land, like an ice-river-

an ice-covered, land continent, around the south pole

Antarctica

 ice-covered ocean, around the North Pole. There is no land underneath it.

The arctic

What are the 2 groups of glaciers

Alpine glaciers and Ice sheets.

How do alpine glaciers create valleys?

By pushing dirt soil and other materials out of their way, the erode by going down a valley.

What are the largest ice sheets called? 

Continental glaciers.

Where do glaciers cover?

Every continent apart from Australia.

How do glaciers form?

Over years, while more snow layer get on top of each other get compressed into ice, squeezes the air out and becomes water.

What happens as glaciers move?

It erodes and wears away the land beneath it.

How many UKs could fit in Antarctica?

62

Snout

The front end of a glacier.

Abrasion (Glaciers)

The ‘sandpaper’ erosion effect that a glacier has on the rock beneath it.

Plucking

An erosion process that involves glaciers tearing chunks of rock away from the land beneath.

Corrie

 A deep hollow on the side of a mountain where ice collects, often located below an arête (A sharp ridge in a glaciated highland area, often leading to a pyramidal peak (A sharply pointed mountain found in glaciated highland areas)).

Arête

A sharp ridge in a glaciated highland area, often leading to a pyramidal peak (A sharply pointed mountain found in glaciated highland areas).

Pyramidal Peak

A sharply pointed mountain found in glaciated highland areas.

U-shaped valley

 A wide, deep and steep-sided landform that runs through an area that has been eroded by glaciers.

Meltwater lake

A large body of meltwater that has collected in a hollow or depression close to a glacier.