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Which of the following is not a type of bacterial toxin?
endotoxins
exotonxins
antibodies
hemolysins
Antibodies
What are exogenous agents?
originating form source OUTSIDE the body
What is the correct order of stages for Clinical Infections:
Incubation
Prodromal
Invasion
Convascelent period
What happens during the period of invasion?
microbe multiplies and becomes well established
T or F: Among the microbial toxins able to destroy blood cells are hemolysins and leukocidins
True
What is NOT an example of an adhesion property microbes use to gain a foothold at a portal of entry?
Peptidoglycan
Highly communicable (easily spread) disease has a:
contagious agent
The B portion of the A-B exotoxin
binds the host cell with specificity
What best describes microbes that engage in mutual or commensal interactions with humans?
normal resident microbes
Exoenzymes like cellulase, amylase, and penicillinase are active
outside of the cell.
T or F: Edemas a sign of inflammation where there are walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes.
False
The infectious dose is
defined as the MINIMUM number of microbes needed to cause infection
Which of the following describes a small number of microbes present in the blood but not necessarily multiplying?
bacteremia
What are antiphagocytic factors?
factors that prevent phagocytosis by the hosts phagocytic cells
Virulence factors:
increases effectiveness in invasion and cause of disease
What do Koch’s postulates show?
how to prove a microorganism causes a specific disease
Secondary infections occur…
after primary infection
What does “sequelae” mean?
a disease or condition has developed due to a previous condition or injury?
Chronic carriers are considered to be:
An individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period
Nosocomial infections are
infections acquired during a hospital stay
How do humans initially acquire their microbiome?
from exposure after birth
The morbidity rate is the number of…
illnesses or diseases in a given period of time
When it comes to patterns of infections, sporadic means:
asingle case of infection unrelated to other episodes, occurs irregularly
Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with humans are defined as:
Normal (Natural) Resident microbiota
What is the term defined as: a microbe that has penetrated the host defenses (immune system), invaded sterile tissue, and then multiplied
Infection
A disease is
damage to host, and creates a deviation/ disorder from health
What is a pathogen?
disease-causing microbe
When does initial colonization start
when you are a newborn
What are the seven major factors in the development of an infection?
portal of entry
adhesion
invasion
multiplication
infection of target
disease
portal of exit
In the development of an infection, the route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body to initiate an infection is termed
the portal of entry
Exogenous agents originate from sources
outside the body
Endogenous agents already exists
on or in the body
What are the main portals of entry on a human?
your skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and transplacental
What are the main pathogens that infect during pregnancy: (think STARCH)
syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other disease (hepatitis B, AIDS, chlamydia), Rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus
The MINIMUM number of microbes required for infection to proceed
Infections Dose (ID)
Microbes with smaller IDs have a ________ virulence.
greater
The binding between specific molecules on the host and pathogens is called
adhesion
What are virulence factors?
traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host —> they also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs (severity of the disease)
What are the four main characteristics for virulence factors?
blocking phagocytosis
invasion factors
exoenzymes
toxins
Phagocytes are
cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
Antiphagocytic factors are used to
avoid phagocytosis
Leukpcidins are produced by species of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and are _____ to WBC.
toxic
The ______ makes it phagocytosis difficult to occur.
slime layer/capsule
Exoenzymes or extracellular enzymes are:
enzymes that are secreted by a cell and function outside the cell ( the barriers/ structures)
ex. Staph or Strep
The capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication
toxigenicity
What are the two types of bacterial toxins:
endotoxin
exotoxin
_______ a toxin that is not secreted by is RELEASED after the cell is damaged.
Endotoxin
_____ is a toxin where the molecule is secreted by a living bacterial cell INTO the infected tissue.
Exotoxin
What are some characteristics of Exotoxins:
hemolysins
A-B toxins
strong specificity
Capsules and slime layers can help pathogens invade the immune system by ________.
prevent phagocytic activity
What are the four main stages/ process of infection and disease for clinical infections?
incubation period
prodromal stage
period of invasion
convalescent period
What is the period of time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms?
Incubation period
The stage where there are vague nonspecific feelings of discomfort.
Prodromal stage
The _____ is the peak of infection, with specific signs and symptoms.
period of invasion
This is the last step in the process of infection where a person begins to respond to the infection, and symptoms decline.
convalescent period
What pattern of infection is where microbes enter the body and remain confined to a specific tissue?
localized infection
What pattern of infection is where infections spread to several sites and tissue fluids enter/ travel in the bloodstream.
systemic infection
What pattern of infection is when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues.
focal infection
What pattern of infection is when several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site
mixed infection
What pattern of infection is the initial infection
primary infection
What pattern of infection causes another infection by a different microbe
secondary infection
What pattern of infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects/ symptoms?
acute infections
What pattern of infection is when there is progress however it still persists over periods of time
chronic infections
What is the state of infection when a person is MOST symptomatic?
period of invasion
What are the three main signs of inflammation:
edema
granulomas/ abscesses
lymphadenitis
When there is an increase in WBC
leykocytosis
When there is a decrease in WBC
leukopenia
When microorganisms are multiplying in the blood in larger numbers
septicemia
When an individual or host doesnt show any signs of disease, although is infected is called:
asymptomatic
What are the main portals of exit
respiratory (coughing or sneezing)
skin scales
fecal exit
urogenital tract
removal of blood
What is the term where an infection in which the pathogen is NOT active or causes disease:
latency
When a person with a latent infection sheds the infectious agent is called a ________ carrier.
chronic
The long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs is called:
sequelae
A _____ is a source of transmission where it is the primary habitat of pathogens in the natural world.
reservoir
A ____ is an individual or object from which an infection is actually obtained
source/transmission
A living reservoir where an individual who shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others
carrier
Contaminated healthcare providers that pick up pathogens and transfers them to other patients are called ________carriers.
passive
If a nurse transfers a pathogen between patients without becoming infected herself, the nurse helps act as the:
passive carrier
Communicable disease is when an infected host can:
transmit the infectious agent to another host (host to host) and is highly contagious
Noncommunicable infectious disease doesn’t arise through host to host, and instead is spread from:
A compromised person is invaded by their own microflora
contact with organisms in their natural reservoir.
What is the term for an inanimate object that can transport a pathogen?
fomite
What are nosocomial infections:
a disease that is acquired or developed during a hospital stay (can be from the nurses, surgical procedures, equipment, etc.)
In epidemiology, ______ is the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population (represented by a percentage of the population)
prevalence
In epidemiology, _______ measures the number of new cases over a certain time period (time based)
incidence
In epidemiology, the _____ is the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease
mortality rate
In epidemiology, the ______ is the number of people affected with a certain disease
morbidity rate
An _______ is where disease is a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic.
endemic
When occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals is termed:
sporadic
An _____ is when the prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected.
epidemic
A ____ is an epidemic across continents (worldwide)
pandemic
_______________ is an endotoxin that causes fever, fatigue, and general symptoms of discomfort when released from the lysed bacterial cell.
Lipopolysaccharide
If a patient is infected with influenza virus and then shortly thereafter is infected with Streptococcus pneumonia-causing bacterial pneumonia, the pneumonia is best characterized as ____________.
secondary infection
AIDS is an infection that is prevalent across many continents, making this a _______outbreak.
Pandemic
You show up early to class and see a classmate coughing and blowing their nose a couple of rows away. They place the tissue on the desk and get settled into class. In an enthusiastic rush to clean up for lab, their lab partner moves all items off the table, including the tissue, to begin cleaning. If the ab partner becomes ill, how was this infection acquired?
Indirectly by a fomite
If the infectious dose for gonorrhea is 1,000 cells and the infectious dose for tuberculosis is 10 cells, which bacteria is more virulent?
mycobacterium tuberculosis