APES Chapter 13: Water Resources

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44 Terms

1

freshwater

Water that contains very low levels of dissolved salts

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2

groundwater

Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers

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3

zone of saturation

An area beneath the Earth's surface which extends downward until all of the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water

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4

water table

The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater

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5

aquifer

An underground water reservoir.

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6

natural recharge

Natural replenishment of an aquifer by precipitation, which percolates downward through soil and rock

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7

lateral recharge

Water that replenishes an aquifer from the side from sources such as streams

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8

nonrenewable aquifer

An aquifer that receives very little, if any, recharge; deep underground and must be mined to yield water

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9

surface water

The freshwater that flows across the Earth's land surface into rivers, streams, lakes, etc.

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10

surface runoff

Precipitation that does not return to the atmosphere by evaporation or infiltrate into the ground

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11

watershed

The area of land that is drained by a water system; drainage basin

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12

reliable surface runoff

Surface runoff that generally can be counted on as a stable source of water from year to year

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13

water footprint

An estimate (for an individual or a nation) of the amount of water required to sustain the consumption of goods and services

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14

virtual water

Water that is not directly consumed but is used to produce food and other products

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15

water hotspots

Areas with high levels of competition for water

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16

land subsidence

A gradual (or sudden) settling of land when groundwater that previously filled cavities in the land is pumped out

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17

sinkhole

A depression produced in a region where soluble rock has been removed by groundwater

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18

dam

A structure built across a river to control its flow

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19

reservoir

A large artificial lake used as a source of water supply

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20

California State Water Project

The world's largest publicly built and operated water and power development and conveyance system; original purpose was to provide water for arid Southern California which lacks adequate local water resources to provide for the growth the region has experienced

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21

desalination

Purification of salt water or brackish (slightly salty) water by removal of dissolved salts

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22

reverse osmosis

A desalinization process that involves forcing salt-water through a membrane permeable to water but not to salt

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23

distillation

A process of desalinization in which water is evaporated and then recondensed

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24

lifeline rates

The process of giving each household a set amount of water at a low price to meet basic needs

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25

user-pays approach

A means of discouraging water waste (and other resource waste) by charging a fee to withdraw water for consumptive us

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26

flood irrigation

Watering crops by pumping water to fields and letting it flow via gravity through unlined ditches to surround crops; very wasteful

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27

center-pivot, low pressure sprinkler

80% efficient method of delivering water to crops using pumps and a mobile central boom with sprinklers to mist water directly on crops

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28

drip irrigation

A highly-effective form of irrigation that uses pipe or tubing perforated with very small holes to deliver water one drop at a time directly to the soil around each plant

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29

tensiometer

Instrument used to measure soil moisture

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30

gray water

Domestic wastewater composed of wash water from household sinks, tubs, and washers

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31

floodplain

A low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding

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32

channelization

An engineering technique to straighten, widen, deepen, or otherwise modify a natural stream channel

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33

Ogallala

The largest known aquifer in North America

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34

percolation

The process by which water moves downward in the soil, toward the water table

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35

infiltration

Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface.

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36

transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

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37

hydrologic cycle

The movement of water through the biosphere

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38

overdraft

Groundwater withdrawal when the amount pumped from wells exceeds natural rate of replenishment

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39

Aral Sea

An inland saltwater sea in Katzakstan and Uzbekistan

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40

polyculture

Growing several crops on the same plot simultaneously

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41

Bangladesh

South Asian country prone to flooding due to being situated on the Ganges Delta and the many distributaries flowing into the Bay of Bengal

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42

xeriscaping

A method of landscaping that uses plants that are well adapted to the local area and are drought resistant

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43

China South-North Water Transfer Project

Uses canals, reservoirs, dams to transfer water from southern regions to drier northern regions, 10 times larger than the California Water Project

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44

hydroelectic power

electricity produced by moving water

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