Case Study 2- Henry III, Simon de Montfort and the development of Parliament

History AQA GCSE

How did the Magna lead to Parliament?

- The Great Council of 75 barons was established. This would develop and be referred to as Parliament in 1237
- Established some foundations of Parliament (limits on monarch, rule of law)

What happened with Henry and Simon de Montfort?

- The council of barons reissued the Magna Carta in 1216 & 1217
- They issued the Forest Charter; re-establishing open access to forests
- 1225\= Henry agrees to issue the Magna Carta and puts his royal seal on it
- 1230s\= Lusignans filled in the Great Council, Makes Simon 'Earl of Leicester', failed 2 attempts to recapture France and Henry appoints Italian bishops

What happened with Henry and Simon de Montfort?

1248- Simon led an attack in Gascony and is put on trial
1258- Henry is forced to sign the Provisions of Oxford
1261- Pope annulled the Provisions of Oxford
1264- Simon led the Barons' Army at the Battle of Lewes

What happened with Henry and Simon de Montfort?

1265- Simon is unpopular, reasserted Magna Carta and Provisions of Oxford and Prince Edward wins the war against Simon at the Battle of Evesham Simon dies
1272- Edward becomes King

Battle of Lewes

1264

Battle of Evesham

1265

Simon de Montfort

leading baron who arrived in england in 1230 to reclaim his lands

Provisions of Oxford

lists of demands by the barons against henry III in Oxford- he was forced to sign these in 1258

burgesses

the types/class of people invited to Parliament by Simon to secure his power

Model Parliament

Parliament of 1295 by Edward; established its modern style principles

Economic Causes

- raises taxes
-doesn't pay Simon his dowry
-owes the Pope money he promised to give

Military Causes

- failed to recapture France twice in 1230
-in 1248 he failed to get Gascony

Foreign Affairs Causes

- appointed Lusignan family into key positions in the Great Council
- appointed Italian bishops

Political Causes

- henry abuses his power
- puts Simon on trial
-breaks the Provisions of Oxford and the Magna Carta

Short-term Outcomes

- Provisions of Oxford (council chosen by King and barons and parliament called 3 times a year)
- First instance of House of Commons
-Simon becomes DeFacto ruler, challenging Divine Right
- Uses of knights and burgesses to spread word
- Not just taxes are discussed

long term outcomes

- Parliament
-Foundations of political representation and democracy
- House of Commons exist
- Election of MPs
-American Revolution
- Napoleon
-Someone of not noble blood having influence

Methods of Protest

- Violent (Battle of Lewes and Evesham)
-Legal (Provisions of Oxford)