Anthro 311- Taxonomy

suborder of primates

1. strepsirrhini

2. haplorhini

infraorders of strepsirhini

1. Lemuriformes

2. Lorisiformes

infraorders of haplorhini

1. Platyrrhini

2. Catarrhini

3. Tarsiiforms

superfamily of Lemuriformes

Lemuriodea

superfamily of Lorsiformes

Lorsiodea

superfamily of Platyrrhini

Ceboidea

superfamily of Caratyrrhini

1. Cecopithecoidea

2. Hominoidea

superfamily of Tarsiiformes

Tarisoidea

Family of Lemuriodea

1. Cheriogaleidae

2. Lepilemuridae

3. Lemuridae

4. Daubentonidae

5. Indriidae

Family of Lorisodea

1. Lorisidae

2. Galagidae

Family of Ceboidea

1. Aotidae

2. Callitrichidae

3. Pitheciidae

4. Atelidae

5. Cebidae

Family of Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecidae

Family of Tarsiodea

Tarsiidae

Subfamily of Cercopithecidae

1. Cerpithecinae

2. Colobinae

Family of Homoidea

1. Hylobatidea

2. Hominidae

Subfamily of Hominidae

1. ponginae

2. gorillinae

3. homininae

genus of:

1. ponginae

2. gorillinae

3. homininae

1. ponginae- Pongo

2. gorillinae- Gorilla

3. homininae- Homo + Pan

Strepsirhini characterisitics:

• examples

• distribution?

• noc/di?

• eye features

• nose?

• ears/lip?

• dental formula?

• locomotion

• Distribution: only in old world

• Nocturnal (mostly)

  • Large eyes

  • Tapetum (layer of cells under the retina, causes 'eye shine')

• Wet nose (rhinarium)

  • Relays on scent marking

• Independently mobile ears

• Immobile upper lip

  • Inexpensive face

• Dental formula: 2.1.3.3

• Vertical clinging + leaping

Infraorder- Lemuriformes characteristics:

• distribution

• unique feature

• Distribution: only in Madagascar

• Among world's smallest primates

Family- Cheriogaleidae characteristics

• examples?

• habitat?

• noc/di?

• social life?

• diet?

• unique features?

• Size?

• Terrestrial?

• Dwarf, mouse, fork-crowned lemurs

• arboreal

• Smallest primates

• Nocturnal

• Solitary

• Omnivoruses (focus on insects)

• X Terrestrial

Family- Lepilemuridae characteristics:

• example

• habitat?

• size?

• noc/di?

• social life?

• diet?

• Unique characteristic?

• Terrestrial?

• Sportive lemurs

• Arboreal

• small- medium

• Mostly nocturnal

• Solitary

• Folivores

• decrease metabolic rate

• X Terrestrial

Family- Lemuridae characteristics:

• examples?

• habitat?

• size?

• noc/di?

• diet?

• social life?

• Unique characteristic?

• Terrestrial?

• Ring-tailes, brown, ruffed lemurs

• Arboreal + terrestrial

• Medium

• Diurnal

• Diverse diet (mostly omi)

• Diverse social organization (mostly social)

• scent marking

• Terrestrial

Family- Daubentoniidae (aye aye) characteristics:

• noc/di?

• social life?

• diet?

• unique features?

• symbol?

• Size?

• Terrestrial?

• Nocturnal

• Solitary

• Omnivores/insects

• Continuously growing incisors

• Bony middle finger

  • Symbol of death

• medium

• X Terrestrial

Family- Indriidae characterisitcs:

• examples?

• habitat?

• size?

• noc/di?

• diet?

• mono/poly?

• Social life?

• Unique characteristic?

• Terrestrial?

• Woolly lemurs + sifakas

• Arboreal + terrestrial

• Medium-large

• Mostly diurnal but mixes

  • wooly lemurs nocturnal

• Folivores

• Mostly monogamous

• family

• loud calls

• Terrestrial

Infraorder- Lorisiiformes characteristics:

• common ancestor?

• social?

• diet?

• unique features?

• distribution?

• Share a common ancestor w/ lemurs in Eocene

• solitary

• Diet: insects + fruit

• Lorises are regarded as “extreme” primates because of their huge eyes, deliberate locomotion, small infants, and their distinctive toxic bites

• Hold many primitive traits

• Asia + Africa

Family- Lorisidae characteristics:

• examples?

• distribution?

• habitat?

• noc/di?

• unique feature?

• size

• diet?

• Lorises, pottos, angwantibos

• Central Africa + S/SE Asia

  • Lorisidae are found in Asia (Lorises) + Africa (loris related species)

• Arboreal

• Nocturnal

• Slow climbers

• Only primate that is poisonous

  • Has venom--> lifts arms to release venom after biting

• small

• omnivores

Family- Galagidae characterisitcs:

• example?

• distribution?

• habitat

• noc/di?

• unique features?

• size

• diet?

• Galagos (bush babies)

• Mainland Africa

  • Galagidae (Galagos) are only in Africa

• Arboreal

• Nocturnal

• fast, vertical slinger + leapers= good for tree-dwelling life

• small

• omnivores

Haplorhini characterisitics:

• examples?

• noc/di?

• nose?

• facial features?

• eye/lip features?

• Tarsiers, monkeys, apes

• All diurnal (expect Tarsiers + 1 monkey--> owl monkey)

• Dry noses

  • Less reliance on olfaction than strepsirrhines

• X have tapetum

• Flatter faces

• Reduces sense of hearing

  • Mobile upper lip + highly expressive faces

Family- Tarsiidae characterisitcs:

• genus number?

• distribution?

• facial features?

• bones?

• mono/poly?

• Tapetum?

• Mono/poly?

• locomotion?

• 1 living genus

  • But have 3 species now

• SE Asia

• Large eyes + ears

  • Lack tapetum lucidum

• Diff eye-brain (thalamus) connections than strepsirrhines + monkeys

• Elongated tarsus bone in foot--> running + jumping

• Mono OR male/multi-female groups

• vertical clinging + leaping

Infraorder- Platyrhini characteristics:

• OWM/NWM?

• distribution

• habitat?

• size?

• all have what body feature?

• unique eye feature?

• dental formula?

• Part of new world

• Distribution:

  • Mexico

  • Central + South America

• All arboreal

• Smaller body size than OWM

• All have tails

• Variable color vision

  • Male--> colorblind

  • Females--> X colorblind

• Dental formula: 2.1.3.3 (36 teeth)

Family- Aotidae characteristics:

• example?

• habitat?

• noc/di?

• vision?

• mono/poly?

• parental?

• Territorial?

• size

• diet

• Monotypic

  • Owl monkeys

• Arboreal

• Only nocturnal monkey

  • 1 of 2 nocturnal haplorhines

• Monochromatic vision

  • High rod to cone ratio

    • More rods than cones

    • large eyes

• Monogamous

• male parental care

• Territorial

• small

• frugivores + insectivorse

Family- Callitrichidae (Claw) characteristics:

• examples?

• smallest ___?

• physical features?

• mono/poly?

• parental features?

• Territorial?

• size?

• diet?

• Includes:

  • Marmosets

  • Tamarins

• Smallest monkeys

  • NOT smallest Primates

• Claws, X nails (except big toe)

• Monogamous + cooperative polyandrous groups

  • Female gets 2 male mates

• Twins as offspring--> mostly fraternal twins

  • Male cares for infants

• Low sexual dimorphism

• Territorial

• small

• frugivores + insectivorse + sap feeding

Family- Pitheciidae characterisitcs:

• examples?

• habitat?

• noc/di?

• size?

• diet?

• social?

• unique features?

• Includes:

  • Monkeys

  • titis

  • Sakis

  • Uakaris

• Arboreal

• Diurnal

• Small-medium size

• Diverse diets: folivores + frugivores

• Diverse social organization:

  • Titis--> monogamous

  • Other--> polygamous

    • Multi-male/multi-female

    • Decrease in sexual dimorphism

• strong pair bonds + colorful faces

Family- Atelidae :

• examples?

• habitat?

• noc/di?

• mono/poly?

• social?

• unique features?

• size?

• diet?

• spider monkey + howler monkey

• Arboreal

• Diurnal

• Polygamous

  • Multi-male/multi-female

• Fission-fusion societies

• loud vocal communication--> howler monkeys

• Prehensile tails--> used tails as grippers + are tactile

• medium-large

• folivores + frugivores

Family- Cebidae characterisitcs:

• examples?

• habitat?

• noc/di?

• diverse in what? list 3

• unique features?

• size

• diet?

• Territorial?

• Includes:

  • Capuchin monkey

  • Squirrel monkeys

• Arboreal

• Diurnal

• Diverse appearance

• Diverse mating

• Diverse social organizations

• Very vocal

• X used to humans

• high cognition + tool use

• medium-large

• Omnivore (but diverse)

• X Territorial

Subfamily- Cercopithecinae characteristics:

• examples?

• distribution?

• noc/di?

• size?

• diverse on what? list 2

• habitat?

• features btw males + females?

• unique feature?

• Ex. Baboons, maqcaques, guenons

• Distribution: Africa + Asia

• All diurnal

• Many species are large bodied

• Diverse social organizations, many multi-males/multi-females

• Diverse diets

• wide range of habitats

• Some species have extreme sexual dimorphism

• More ground-dwelling species than other primate group

Subfamily- Colobinae characteristics:

• examples?

• distribution?

• noc/di?

• habitat?

• size?

• diet?

• social?

• Colobus, langurs, leaf + odd nosed monkeys

• Distribution: Africa (colobus) + Asia (leaf + odd-nosed monkeys)

• All diurnal

• Mostly arboreal

• Many species are large bodied

• Wide range of habitats

• Folivorous

  • Complex stomach, energy minimizers

• Diverse social organizations

Cercopithecinase vs. Colobinae:

• interorbital region

• incisors

• Jaw

• molars/cusps

• stomach

• legs + hands

Colobinae	Cercopithecinase
Broad interorbital region	Narrow Interorbital region
Narrow incisors	Broad incisors
Deep jaw	Shallow jaw
High molars/cusps	Low molars/cusps
Complex stomach	Cheek pouches
Long legs + tail/short thumbs	Same size arms + legs

Colobinea genera, list 3

1. Colobus

2. Pilicolobus

3. Procolobus

family of Hominiodea

1. Hylobatidae

2. Hominidae

Superfamily- Hominoidea characteristics:

• examples?

• tails?

• size + weight?

• brain to body ratio?

• posture?

• gestation + maturation?

• Apes + humans

• X tails

• Largest size + weight

• Largest brain to body ratio

• More upright posture

• Longer gestation + maturation

Family- Hylobatidae:

• example?

• what is the 2 genera?

• distribution?

• mono/poly?

• Territorial?

• yes/no duetting?

• locomotion?

• brachiation anatomical adaptations? list 5

• Lesser apes

• 2 genera

1. Hylobates (gibbons)

2. Symphalangus (siamangs)

• Distribution: SE Asia

• Mono

• Territorial

• Duetting

• Suspensory locomotion:

  • Brachiation Anatomical adaptations

    • Long, strong arms

    • Elongated, hook-like fingers

    • Shorten, reduced thumbs

    • Short hind limbs

    • Erect, inflexible spine

what does Convergent evolution mean?

• Suspensory locomotion

  • Distantly related species converge on similar solution to same ecological pressure (strier)

Subfamily- Ponginae

• examples?

• distribution

• habitat?

• social?

• diet?

• locomotion type?

• Orangutans

• Asian great ape

• Only found in Borneo + Sumatra

• Arboreal

• Solitary

• Frugivorous

• Quadrumanual/Quandrymanous locomotion

Subfamily- Gorillinae

• examples

• unique feature?

• habitat?

• diet?

• Gorillas

• African great ape

• Largest primate

• Terrestrial

• Highly folivorous

Gorilla distribution for 4 subspecies

Homininae genus. list 2

1. Genus- Pan

2. Genus- Homo

Pan troglodytes:

• example

• diet

• hunting?

• tools?

• sex roles?

• aggression?

• chimpanzees

• Omni

• Hunt (especially red colobus)

• Tool use

• Male philopatric + male dominant

• High levels of aggression

Pan paniscus

• example?

• diet?

• hunting?

• tools?

• sex roles?

• aggression?

• bononos

• Frug

• Hunting (recent evidence)

• X tool use outside of captivity

• Male philopatric + female dominant

• Low levels of aggression

Africa apes (Homininae) traits

• habitat

• social

• arboreal + terrestrial

• fission + fusion socities

• bononos are more limited distribution

what family is humans under?

hominidae