AP Psych Unit 4 part 1 (Modules 4.1-4.3e) COMPLETE

Person Perception

How we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior

Attribution theory

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s stable, enduring traits.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact o the situation and to overestimate the impact of person al disposition

Dispositional attribution

The tendency to explain someone’s behavior by attributing it to their internal traits and characteristics.

Situational attributions

Explaining someone’s behavior by attributing it to factors within the environment or situation

Actor observer bias

The tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes

Social comparison

Judging yourself based on others accomplishments

Prejudice

An unjustifiable usually negative attitude towards a group and its members. A predisposition to discriminatory action.

Stereotype

Generalized beliefs about of group of people

Discrimination

To act in negative unjustifiable ways to members of the group

Implicit prejudice

An unthinking knee-jerk response operating below the radar leaving us unaware

Explicit prejudice

On the radar screen of our awareness, a thinking reponse.

Social identity

The “we” aspect of our self concept ; the part of our answer to “who am i” that comes from our group members

Ingroup

“Us”— people with whom we share a common identity

Outgroup

“Them”— those perceived as different or apart from the ingroup

Just-world phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve

Ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own groups

Scapegoat theory

The theory that Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Other-race effect

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating of other cultures according to preconceptions and customs of ones own culture

Availability heuristic

The tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how often it comes to mind

Victim Blaming

Blaming someone for the action that happened to them

Attitudes

Feelings often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

The tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger request

Door-in-the-face phenomenon

Approaching someone with a big request getting denied then a small one ad getting accepted

Role

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Persuasion

Changing people’s attitudes , potentially influencing their actions

Peripheral route persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as someone’s atractiveness.

Central Route persuasion

Occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments

Social Contagion

The spontaneous spread of behaviors (Chameleon effect)

Mood contagion

Mimicking emotions, empathizing spontaneous spread of mood

Positive herding

When people adopt the opinions, behaviors, or actions of a group

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Normative social influence

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval (answering a questions based off of the answers of others)

Informational social influence

Influence resulting from a person’s willingness o accept others opinions about reality (Understanding why the group answered the way they did)

Obedience

Complying with an order or command

Minority Influence

The power of one or two individuals to sway majority opinion if they hold firm in their beliefs.

Social Facilitation

The presence of others, improved performance on simple or well learned tasks, and worsened performance on hard tasks

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Group polarization

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Groupthink

The model of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Tight Culture

Clearly defined and reliably imposed norms

Loose culture

A place with flexible and informal norms

Culture shock

Experiencing a culture that differs from your own and when one does not understand what is expected or accepted.

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Frustration aggression principle

The principle that frustration, the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger which can generate aggression

Social Scripts

Any culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Mere exposure effect

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

Passionate love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption on another, usually present at the start of a romantic relationship

Companionate love

the deep affectnate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Equity

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give into it.

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Bystander effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Social anxiety exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefit minimize cost.

Reciprocity norm

An expectation that people will help, not hurts those who have helped them

Social responsibility norm

An expectation that people will help those that need help

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

Social trap

A situation in which 2 parties, by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Mirror image perceptions

Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Self fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Superordinate goal

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension- reduction to decrease international tension