United States History Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Baby boom, innovative spirit, sympathetic government, new power sources

Reasons for Industrial growth (2, 2, 2, 3 word answers)

robber barons

journalist nickname for wealthy business-owners, innovators, and entrepreneurs

Political entrepreneurs

Folsom’s term for those who sought success by special privileges or political advantages

Economic Entrepreneurs

Folsom’s term for those who sought success by innovating, cost-cutting, and improving operations

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Tycoon who ran a shipping business without federal aid — only a hundred dollars from his mother

James J. Hill

Tycoon who innovated and cut costs in his railroad business to the point that he was working twice as fast as the government-funded railroad businesses

Andrew Carnegie

Tycoon who was born in Scotland and came to the US with nothing; built himself a massive steel industry by working hard, efficiently, and being ambitious.

John D. Rockefeller

An oil tycoon who revolutionized oil refining and the uses of kerosene byproducts, inventing over 300 products and ended up controlling 90 percent of the American oil market and 65 percent of the world market

trust

a legal device by which a board of trustees is empowered to make decisions and control the operations of a whole group of companies

horizontal integration

in which one company controls all of an entire segment in an industry

James Buchannan Duke

Tycoon who produced a ton of Tobacco

J. P. Morgan

Tycoon who was known as “America’s Banker”, made his fortune off of buying and selling stocks, especially consolidating the steel industry

United States Steel Corporation

the world’s first billion-dollar corporation

H. J. Heinz

Christian food producer in Pittsburgh, pioneered modern billboard and newspaper advertising.

“New South”

The post-reconstruction south’s conception of a South that could match the North in economic and industrial capacity

Alexander Graham Bell

Scottish immigrant who invented the telephone

Thomas Alva Edison

Famous American inventor who created more than a thousand inventions, the most important being the motion picture projector, photograph, and incandescent lightbulb

Roscoe Conkling

Senator who headed the “Republican Tammany Hall” in New York

Stalwarts

Republicans who favored high tariffs, hard money, and the spoils system

Half-breeds

Moderate Republicans who tended to favor reform

James A. Garfield

a half-breed nominated for the election of 1880

Chester A. Arthur

James Garfield’s Vice Presidential nominee

Pendleton Act

Act that eliminated the spoils system and established the Civil Service Commission, authorized the president to appoint three civil service commissioners

Grover Cleaveland

Former New York governor, opponent of Tammany Hall, noted for his honesty. Presidential candidate in the election of 1884

Interstate Commerce Act

Act that regulated the railroad industry

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Regulates businesses that attempt to form trusts and tried to reduce monopolies, but didn’t do a lot

Benjamin Harrison

Capable, honest president who was dissapointingly weak

McKinley Tariff

raised tariffs under the McKinley administration

Knights of Labor

earliest significant labor union, advocated for a lot of modern standards

American Federation of Labor

A splinter group from the Knights of Labor, supported higher wages, shorter working hours, safter and cleaner working conditions, and elimination of child labor

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the AFL

Haymarket Riot

A riot by factory workers and anarchists, demanding an 8-hour workday

Homestead Strike

Strike that went on for months, gained nothingE

Eugene V. Debs

Presidential candidate on the Socialist ticket

Pullman Strike

Strike in retaliation to five successive wage reductions, caused a ton of cascading chaos

injunction

court order

Grange

Nickname for the Patrons of Husbandry, advocated the regulation of railroads

Farmer’s Alliance

Agricultural union that worked to regulate more stuff

Populist Party

Party focused around currency issues, attracted more than a million votes in 1892

Free silver

The idea of giving working people free silver coins freshly printed

William McKinley

pro-tariff, big-business, likeable Republican candidate in the 1896 election

William Jennings Bryan

“Great Commoner”, Democratic candidate in 1896

1896

Year of the election that killed the Populist party

New Immigration

A new wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

Charles “Chuck” Darwin

Lame-o man who invented natural selection

Darwinism

Darwin’s beliefs

Mark Twain

Samuel Clemens, wrote in the style of realism

Naturalism

The idea that man is for himself and came from nothing

Stephen Crane

Naturalist author who wrote Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and the Red Badge of Courage

Jack London

Naturalist author who wrote Call of the Wild

Urban evangelism

large, citywide campaigns in huge auditoriums

Dwight L. Moody

Leader of the urban evangelism movement