BIO211 HUMAN A&P EXAM 1 OUTLINE

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Directional terms: distal, lateral, proximal, medial, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, deep, superficial • Body systems / organs • Body cavities / quadrants • Anatomical position: purpose, definition • Body planes • Homeostasis: positive vs negative feedback loops • Mechanisms of homeostasis • Structural organization of the human body (the “triangle”) • Cells: structures and functions • Osmosis vs diffusion and examples • Tissues (especially epithelial): types, locations, characteristics, functions • Integument: structures, layers, accessory structures

71 Terms

1

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

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2

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

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3

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

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4

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

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5

Superior

Above or higher in position.

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6

Inferior

Below or lower in position.

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7

Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

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8

Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

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9

Deep

Away from the surface of the body.

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10

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body.

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11

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.

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12

Respiratory System

Lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm.

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13

Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).

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14

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

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15

Endocrine System

Glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal), pancreas, ovaries, testes.

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16

Renal (Urinary) System

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

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17

Immune System

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.

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18

Gastrointestinal (GI) System

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

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19

Reproductive System

Testes, prostate, penis in males; Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina in females.

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20

Musculoskeletal System

Bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments.

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21

Dorsal Body Cavity

Contains the brain and spinal cord.

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22

Cranial Cavity

Contains the brain.

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23

Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity

Contains the spinal cord.

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24

Ventral Body Cavity

Contains organs like the heart and lungs.

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25

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the heart and lungs.

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26

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

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27

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Contains the liver, gallbladder, right kidney.

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28

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Contains the stomach, spleen, left kidney.

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29

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains the appendix, portions of intestines.

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30

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Contains portions of intestines, left ovary.

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31

Anatomical Position

Standard reference posture: standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides palms facing forward

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32

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right parts.

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33

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

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34

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

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35

Positive Feedback Loop

Enhances or amplifies changes in the body (e.g., childbirth).

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36

Negative Feedback Loop

Counteracts changes to maintain stability in the body (e.g., temperature regulation).

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37

Feedback Mechanisms

Processes that help maintain homeostasis through positive and negative feedback.

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38

Chemical Level

Simplest level of organization involving atoms and molecules.

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39

Cellular Level

Basic unit of life; made of molecules.

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40

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells performing a common function.

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41

Organ Level

Structures composed of different tissues working together.

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42

Organ System Level

Groups of organs that perform related functions.

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43

Organismal Level

Complete living being, all organ systems combined.

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44

Cell Membrane

Protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves.

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45

Nucleus

Contains genetic material and controls cellular activities.

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46

Mitochondria

Produces energy (ATP) for the cell.

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47

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

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48

Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces and lines cavities; responsible for protection, absorption, and secretion.

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49

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells, allows diffusion and filtration.

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50

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells, functions in secretion and absorption.

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51

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall cells, often with microvilli, functions in absorption and secretion.

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52

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Single layer that appears stratified, functions in secretion and movement of mucus.

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53

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of flat cells, protects against abrasion.

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54

Transitional Epithelium

Multiple layers that can stretch, found in urinary bladder.

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55

Exocrine Glands

Secrete substances onto body surfaces or into cavities.

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56

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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57

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

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58

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.

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59

Dermis

Middle layer of skin made of dense connective tissue.

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60

Hypodermis

Deepest layer of skin, composed of loose connective and adipose tissue.

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61

Nail Structure

Includes nail plate, bed, cuticle, matrix, and lunula.

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62

Sweat Glands

Eccrine and apocrine glands, help regulate body temperature.

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63

Sebaceous Glands

Secrete sebum to lubricate the skin and hair.

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64

Homeostasis

Process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment.

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65

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

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66

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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67

Perfume Example

Diffusion occurs when perfume molecules spread in air.

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68

Cell Membrane Transport

Process of regulating substances entering and exiting cells.

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69

Cellular Respiration

Process by which cells produce ATP from nutrients.

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70

Regeneration of Epithelial Tissue

High capacity for regeneration due to frequent cell division.

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71

Protection (Epithelial Function)

Shields underlying tissues from mechanical and chemical damage.

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