Vertebrates Test Study Guide

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43 Terms

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Vertebrates

All groups share a backbone.

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Jaws

Jawless fish branched off early; jawed vertebrates evolved later.

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Bones vs. Cartilage

Chondrichthyes have cartilage, whereas bony fish and beyond have true bones.

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Limbs

Tetrapods evolved limbs with digits.

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Amniotic Egg

Amniotes evolved an egg adapted for land reproduction.

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Endothermy (warmblooded)

Evolved separately in mammals and birds (a subset of reptiles).

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Jawless Fish (Agnatha)

No jaw.

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Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes)

Have a skeleton made of cartilage.

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Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)

Have a skeleton made of bone.

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Amniotic Membrane (Amnion)

A fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo in amniotes.

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Pouch (Marsupium)

An external skin fold or sac in marsupials where underdeveloped newborns continue to grow and nurse.

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Placenta

A temporary organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy in placental mammals.

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r-selection (r-strategy)

Traits include many offspring, low parental care, short life span, early maturity, and high reproductive rate.

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K-selection (K-strategy)

Traits include few offspring, high parental care, long life span, slower development, and higher survival rate per offspring.

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Parthenogenesis

A type of asexual reproduction where an organism produces offspring without fertilization by a male.

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Obligate Parthenogenesis

Species only reproduce this way.

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Facultative Parthenogenesis

Species can switch between sexual and asexual reproduction.

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Swim Bladder

An organ present in bony fish that helps maintain buoyancy.

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Gills Covered

Bony fish have gills covered by an operculum.

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Paired Fins

Bony and cartilaginous fish have paired fins, while jawless fish do not.

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Examples of r-selected species

Insects, frogs, fish, bacteria.

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Examples of K-selected species

Elephants, humans, whales, bears.

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Egg

Gel-like, no shell

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Larva

Gills, tail, no legs

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Metamorphosis

Legs develop, lungs form, tail reduces

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Adult

Lungs, legs, dry skin

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Neoteny

Gills retained, stays in larval form

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Upright posture

Legs under body, not sprawling

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Hip structure

Saurischian vs Ornithischian pelvis

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Skull openings (fenestrae)

Large openings to reduce skull weight

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Teeth

Varied by diet: serrated (carnivores), flat (herbivores)

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Digitigrade stance

Walking on toes

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Growth/metabolism

Rapid growth, possibly warm-blooded

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Reproduction

Egg-laying, some parental care

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Feathers

Present in many theropods

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Respiratory system

Air sacs + lungs

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Digestive system

Beak + crop

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Hunting strategy

Solitary stalking and ambush

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Social structure

Solitary

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Placental mammals

Live birth, long gestation

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Marsupial mammals

Live birth, short gestation + pouch

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Monotreme mammals

Egg laying

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Ruminant digestion

Microbial fermentation