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Vertebrates
All groups share a backbone.
Jaws
Jawless fish branched off early; jawed vertebrates evolved later.
Bones vs. Cartilage
Chondrichthyes have cartilage, whereas bony fish and beyond have true bones.
Limbs
Tetrapods evolved limbs with digits.
Amniotic Egg
Amniotes evolved an egg adapted for land reproduction.
Endothermy (warmblooded)
Evolved separately in mammals and birds (a subset of reptiles).
Jawless Fish (Agnatha)
No jaw.
Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes)
Have a skeleton made of cartilage.
Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)
Have a skeleton made of bone.
Amniotic Membrane (Amnion)
A fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo in amniotes.
Pouch (Marsupium)
An external skin fold or sac in marsupials where underdeveloped newborns continue to grow and nurse.
Placenta
A temporary organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy in placental mammals.
r-selection (r-strategy)
Traits include many offspring, low parental care, short life span, early maturity, and high reproductive rate.
K-selection (K-strategy)
Traits include few offspring, high parental care, long life span, slower development, and higher survival rate per offspring.
Parthenogenesis
A type of asexual reproduction where an organism produces offspring without fertilization by a male.
Obligate Parthenogenesis
Species only reproduce this way.
Facultative Parthenogenesis
Species can switch between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Swim Bladder
An organ present in bony fish that helps maintain buoyancy.
Gills Covered
Bony fish have gills covered by an operculum.
Paired Fins
Bony and cartilaginous fish have paired fins, while jawless fish do not.
Examples of r-selected species
Insects, frogs, fish, bacteria.
Examples of K-selected species
Elephants, humans, whales, bears.
Egg
Gel-like, no shell
Larva
Gills, tail, no legs
Metamorphosis
Legs develop, lungs form, tail reduces
Adult
Lungs, legs, dry skin
Neoteny
Gills retained, stays in larval form
Upright posture
Legs under body, not sprawling
Hip structure
Saurischian vs Ornithischian pelvis
Skull openings (fenestrae)
Large openings to reduce skull weight
Teeth
Varied by diet: serrated (carnivores), flat (herbivores)
Digitigrade stance
Walking on toes
Growth/metabolism
Rapid growth, possibly warm-blooded
Reproduction
Egg-laying, some parental care
Feathers
Present in many theropods
Respiratory system
Air sacs + lungs
Digestive system
Beak + crop
Hunting strategy
Solitary stalking and ambush
Social structure
Solitary
Placental mammals
Live birth, long gestation
Marsupial mammals
Live birth, short gestation + pouch
Monotreme mammals
Egg laying
Ruminant digestion
Microbial fermentation