IB HISTORY: HITLER

Crisis state

Crisis state

1. German humilition after losing WW2
2. Anger about conditions of treaty of Versailles (lost land, money, forced reparations, war guilt clause, limited armed forces)
3. Exhaustion after war effort
4. Distrust towards the government and officials
5. Unemployment and the burden of war debts
6. Weimar Republic struggled (people had little confidence in government)

Rise to power

1. NSDAP: Nazi party: hitler rose as leader
2. SA: hitler's para military force (run by Rohm): military group that used terror to silence opposition and to attack communists and Jews
3. Munich Putsch/beer hall putsch: not the attempt to seize power in Munich in an armed up rising however it was unsuccessful and hitler was arrested for treason and sentenced to prison: writes Mein Kampf
4. The Great Depression: the Weimar Republic could not fix the problems that arose so Hitler exploited the lower middle class for support (youth, nationalists, the unemployed, anti-Communist, those who dislike the Weimar republic, German industrialists)
5. President Hindenburg asked him to become vice chancellor but he refused
6. President election of 1932: Hitler lost to Hindenburg but he one major popularity
7.Reichstag directions: Nazi party gained much more support
8. Hitler becomes chancellor
-success because of: had unclear objectives so instead he just attacked his opponents, exploited people's fears of communists and use, and one the protest vote against the other parties essesntially

Ideology

1. Anti Semitic
2. Nationalism
3. Unity of all Germans
4. Revocation of the Treaty of Versailles
5. The gaining of territories to accommodate Germany's surplus population
6. Restriction of state citizenship to those of German blood
7. Male dominance
8. Nazism is Hitlerism - Lynch

Authoritarian state

1. Reichstag fire 1933: The Nazi party denounced as a part of a large scale communist plot in the SA terrorized other parties in the silence when they oppose the idea of Hitler saving Germany from communist revolution= KPD lost support
2. Reichstag election 1933: after successful campaigning, the Nazi party had more support than any other party. By getting the support of the center parties, he was able to get a two thirds majority vote on the enabling act
-enabling act: allow him to govern as chancellor without reference to the Reichstag (aka voted away their own power)
3. Gleischsaltung: consolidation of authority: turn journey into a single party state, outlawed all other political parties, destroy the trade unions as an independent force, Nazis took over legal system, removed use from power, coerced the churches into accepting the nazi regime

Elimination of opposition

1. Night of the Long knives: interparty purge during which Rohm (the head of the SA) was executed along with thousands of others with the idea that they were preparing a putsch against Hitler
2. Changed the SA to the SS: nazi protective squads
3. Hitler becomes president and takes on the title Fuhrer
4. Single party state

Consolidation of power

1. SS: begin as his personal bodyguard but was basically a civilian police network run on military lines while enforcing the law while operating outside of the lot self and being an elite body answerable only to Hitler
-ideology: protection of Germany for Mirschel corruption, loyalty to the German state, absolute obedience to Hitler
2. Concentration camps: widespread prison network known for the harsh conditions of the inmates were treated
3. Gestapo: special state police in Germany that removed enemies of the state and it acquired much of its knowledge from ordinary citizens who told on their neighbors
4. Army: Took a declaration of unconditional loyalty to Hitler himself not just the head of the state
-he also made up scandals about the previous army commanders so he could dismiss them and make himself commander-in-chief

Opposition

1. No consistent organized resistance because it was illegal
2. The left: communist and socialist AND the right: traditionalists and conservatives AND the youth
2. The left: thousands of KPD members were held in concentration camps and many were driven underground. The signing of the Nazi Soviet pact 1939 so awesome easing of persecution but after the war began with the Soviet union in 41 communist became targets again
3. The army: there were around 15 times to kill Hitler and the more serious ones came from within the army. His survival of these many attempts strength and his appearance for the public and suspects were executed
4. Youth: The white rose group oppose the Nazi party and look for peace and distributed leaflets entitled the white rose to call attention to the inhuman acts committed by Germany Nazis. They were eventually discovered and executed
5. Religious opposition: there were many individuals who questioned nazi policies however no church formally challenged or resisted the nazi regime

Economic policies

1. Hitler was not an economic planner so he left that to his economic ministers however he did command them to prepare Germany for rearmament
2. Schacht: aimed at basic financial and economic growth: he established the organization of industr, revive Germany is credit rating, and increased taxation to raise state funds. He also started the New Plan with schemes for creating employment through public works projects and having young men join the national labor service to learn basic skills. Finally, he proposed rearming be introduced in stages and just began funding
3. Goering: four year plan: chief aim of which was to make Germany and autarky by bringing in the labor force under tighter control, increasing arms productions, increased use of import controls to protect German manufacturers. Significant economic advances were made. Unemployment fell to a great extent and A wartime economy began.
4. Speer: he increased German armaments productions nearly double overall and focused entirely on wartime economy.

Propaganda and media

1. Goebbels was the problem again the minister who promoted the idea of German nation unified under the direction of the Nazi party and inspired by Hitler
2. Used repeated phrases and slogans as well as images. Organize the radio, film, posters, etc. and had Hitler's image and swastika everywhere
3. James: promote determination as a supreme for social and cultural organization, rid the nation of all Jewish influence, encourage pride in the Aryan race, develop the image of the Fuhrer
4. The press: entirely run by the Nazi regime
5. The arts: inhibited genuine cultural growth and increased censorship. Banned all Jewish works of art and artists.
6. Took control of the radio system with the RRC whose sole purpose was to spread Nazi propaganda
7. Education: became a major means of promoting national socialist ideas and focusing the curriculum on German race and ideology
8. Hitler youth and the BDM: organizations for the youth that stressed national Socialist values and emphasized activities.
9. German labor friend: regulated the German work for us along military lines and destroy the trade unions.
10. Strength through joy movement: social experiment that organized leisure for the masses

Women and minorities

1. National Socialist womanhood: purpose was to keep not see women under the control of the exclusively male party
2. Wanted women to embrace motherhood as an ideal: birth control clinics were obliged to close an abortion was made illegal
3. The impact of the war allowed women to spend time working on farms and going to factories. It also urged girls and women to have children solely for the purpose of the war cause
4. Sterilization programs and euthanasia program: oversaw the elimination of defective or sterilized the handicapped
-some resistance to the program by individual doctors and nurses
-religious protests against euthanasia
5. Persecution of the Jews: The final solution (1942) is a euphemism for the extermination of the Jews after cumulative radicalization overtime
-The night of breaking glass: over 100 Jews were killed a series of violent attacks and the Jews themselves were blamed and sent camps or arrested
-The Holocaust: special concentration camps were established to carry out methodical mass extermination of the Jews
6. Gypsies, homosexuals, black Germans, etc. we're also persecuted as racial interiors