5. Endocrine System

1. ADH secretion is increased by:

a. hypoosmolality

b. nicotine

c. hypervolemia

d. atrial natriuretic peptide

e. alcohol

b. nicotine

2. Insulin:

a. secretion is increased by sympathetic nerve activity

b. decreases entry of glucose into skeletal muscle

c. decreases entry of amino acids into skeletal muscle

d. secretion is decreased by vagal nerve activity

e. has anabolic and lipogenic effects

e. has anabolic and lipogenic effects

3. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG):

a. is responsible for breast growth in puberty

b. release is suppressed during pregnancy

c. has a similar chemical structure and physiological action to LH

d. secretion is inhibited by suckling of the breast

e. causes ejection of milk by the breast during suckling

a. is responsible for breast growth in puberty

4. Excessive growth hormone secretion before epiphyseal closure causes:

a. acromegaly

b. gigantism

c. increased entry of glucose in muscles

d. hypothyroidism

e. cretinism

b. gigantism

5. ADH is released by:

a. pituitary gland

b. posterior pituitary gland

c. anterior pituitary gland

d. kidney

e. adrenal gland

b. posterior pituitary gland

6. Growth hormone:

a. has catabolic effect

b. increases fasting blood sugar levels

c. is secreted by posterior pituitary

d. is secreted by adrenal gland

e. has lipogenic effect

b. increases fasting blood sugar levels

7. T3 and T4:

a. have catabolic effect

b. has lipogenic effect

c. increase heart rate

d. decrease fasting blood sugar levels

e. decrease tissue O2 consumption

c. increase heart rate

8. Angiotensin II:

a. is produced in kidneys

b. is vasodilator

c. stimulated aldosterone secretion

d. suppresses renin secretion

e. has natriuretic effect

c. stimulated aldosterone secretion

9. Renin secretion is stimulated by:

a. parasympathetic neurons

b. hypovolemia

c. hypotonia

d. hypovolemia and hypotonia

e. hypercalcemia

d. hypovolemia and hypotonia

10. Immunochromatographic ovulation test detects the increased urine concentration of:

a. FSH

b. LH

c. hCG

d. progesterone

e. estrogen

b. LH

11. Biologically active substance produced by endocrine glands or specialised cells in other organs, released in blood and influencing the functions of target cells is named:

a. neurotransmitter

b. modulator

c. hormone

d. enzyme

e. second messenger

c. hormone

12. In adult man are released:

a. androgens

b. androgens and estrogens

c. estrogens and progesterone

d. androgens, gestogens and estrogens

e. gestogens and androgens

d. androgens, gestogens and estrogens

13. Insulin:

a. increases the uptake and utilisation of glucose by muscle and adipose-tissue cells

b. increases the uptake and utilisation of glucose by most nerve cells

c. increases the uptake of glucose by liver cells

d. increases the uptake of glucose by enterocytes

e. increases the uptake of glucose by tubular cells

a. increases the uptake and utilisation of glucose by muscle and adipose-tissue cells

14. Glucose levels in the blood are lowered by the hormone:

a. glucagon

b. oxytocin

c. insulin

d. cholecystokinin

e. adrenalin

c. insulin

15. Hormones:

a. acts as coenzymes

b. act as enzymes

c. influence synthesis of enzyme

d. belong to the B-complex group

e. transmit impulses

c. influence synthesis of enzyme

16. A hormone released from the anterior pituitary is:

a. hGH

b. vasopressin

c. oxytocin

d. epinephrine

e. insulin

a. hGH

17. A hormone released from the posterior pituitary is:

a. prolactin

b. thyrotropic hormone

c. vasopressin

d. adrenocorticotropic hormone

e. growth hormone

c. vasopressin

18. Progesterone is produced mainly by the:

a. corpus luteum

b. hypothalamus

c. seminiferous tubules

d. pituitary gland

e. oviduct

a. corpus luteum

19. Ovulation is caused by preovulatory increase of the hormone:

a. FSH

b. progesterone

c. oxytocin

d. estrogen

e. LH

e. LH

20. In humans, fertilisation usually occurs in the:

a. vagina

b. cervix

c. uterine cavity

d. uterine tubes

e. abdominal cavity

d. uterine tubes

21. Excessive secretion of the aldosterone causes:

a. hyponatremia

b. hypertension

c. alkalosis

d. polyuria

e. hyperkaliemia

b. hypertension

22. The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is:

a. melanin

b. melatonin

c. insulin

d. thyroxine

e. glucagon

d. thyroxine

23. Which is the hormone with the fastest final effect?

a. triidothyronine

b. thyroxin

c. thyroglobulin

d. TSH

e. TSH-RH

a. triidothyronine

24. ADH is secreted in case of:

a. hyperglycaemia

b. hypervolemia

c. increased blood osmolarity

d. muscle relaxation

e. dehydration

c. increased blood osmolarity

25. Which of the following will increase plasma potassium concentration:

a. β-adrenergic receptor agonist

b. insulin

c. aldosterone

d. epinephrine

e. none of the above

e. none of the above

26. The hypothalamus inhibits the release of:

a. TSH

b. ACTH

c. FSH

d. somatotrophic hormone

e. oxytocin

d. somatotrophic hormone

27. ADH secretion is decreased by:

a. morphine

b. nicotine

c. nausea and vomitting

d. hypoxia

e. alcohol

e. alcohol

28. In adult woman are released:

a. androgens

b. androgens and estrogens

c. estrogens and progesterone

d. androgens, gestogens and estrogens

e. gestogens and androgens

d. androgens, gestogens and estrogens

29. Hormones of the hypothalamus secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are:

a. hGH and LH

b. CRH and TRH

c. ADH and oxytocin

d. ADH and vasopressin

e. prolactin and vasopressin

c. ADH and oxytocin

30. Neurohormones of the hypothalamus that inhibit hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland are:

a. histamine, serotonin, bradykinin

b. endorphin, enkephalin, growth hormone-releasing hormone

c. somatostatin, dopamine, melanostatin

d. vasopressin, oxytocin, ADH

e. motilin, gastrin, growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

c. somatostatin, dopamine, melanostatin

31. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland with effect on definite glands are:

a. ADH, oxytocin, vasopressin, prolactin

b. ACTH, FSH, FSH, LH

c. ACTH, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone

d. FSH, LH, estrogens, progesterone

e. TSH, T3, T4, calcitonin

b. ACTH, FSH, FSH, LH

32. Which of the following is not produced by the hypothalamus:

a. oxytocin

b. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (hGH-IH)

c. luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)

d. growth hormone (hGH)

e. ADH

d. growth hormone (hGH)

33. Everything is true for ADH except that:

a. it increases diuresis

b. is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

c. hyperosmolarity increases ADH secretion

d. is a vasoconstrictor

e. is formed in the hypothalamus

a. it increases diuresis

34. Contractility of the uterus is increased by:

a. testosterone

b. oxytocin

c. aldosterone

d. progesterone

e. prolactin

b. oxytocin

35. The human growth hormone (hGH):

a. exerts anabolic effect

b. exerts catabolic effect

c. is secreted by posterior pituitary effect

d. is secreted by hypothalamus

e. exerts lipogenic effect

a. exerts anabolic effect

36. Which of the following hormones exerts no effect on growth:

a. testosterone

b. iodine containing hormones

c. insulin

d. vasopressin

e. hGH

d. vasopressin

37. Iodine containing and not containing hormones of the thyroid gland are:

a. triiodothyronine (+), thyroliberin (+), TSH (-)

b. TSH (+), thyroxine (+), parathyroid hormone (-)

c. triiodothyronine (+), TSH (+), calcitonin (-)

d. triiodothyronine (+), thyroxine (+), calcitonin (-)

e. thyroglobulin (+), calcitonin (+), TSH (-)

d. triiodothyronine (+), thyroxine (+), calcitonin (-)

38. The basic metabolic rate is increased by:

a. human growth hormones and insulin

b. iodine containing hormones and catecholamines

c. mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

d. iodine containing hormones and insulin

e. LH and FSH

b. iodine containing hormones and catecholamines

39. Humoral factors regulating calcium-phosphorus metabolism are:

a. parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, insulin

b. calcitonin, parathormone, calcitriol

c. vitamin D, T3, T4

D. FSH, progesterone, oxytocin

e. calcitriol, vitamin B, parathyroid hormone

b. calcitonin, parathormone, calcitriol

40. The following hormones are secreted by pancreas:

a. insulin, somatostatin, epinephrine, trypsinogen

b. insulin, glucagon, gastrin, somatostatin

c. insulin, glucagon, gastrin, lipase

d. glucagon, glucose, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen

e. insulin, glucagon ,epinephrine, aldosterone

b. insulin, glucagon, gastrin, somatostatin

41. The suprarenal cortex secretes:

a. catecholamines, androgens, iodine containing hormones

b. glucocorticoids, aldosterone, gastrin

c. mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

d. aldosterone, ADH, renin

e. corticosterone, progesterone, norepinephrine

c. mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

42. The suprarenal medulla secretes:

a. noradrenaline, cortisol

b. epinephrine, norepinephrine

c. insulin, adrenaline

d. DHEA, progesterone

e. renin, catecholamines

b. epinephrine, norepinephrine

43. Aldosterone:

a. increases Na+ and K+ excretion

b. decreases Na+ and K+ excretion

c. increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion

d. increases Na+ excretion and K+ reabsorption

e. decreases Na+ and K+ reabsorption

c. increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion

44. The excretion of sodium is increased by:

a. atrial natriuretic peptide

b. aldosterone

c. dehydroepiandrosterone

d. renin

e. angiotensin II

a. atrial natriuretic peptide

45. Glucocorticoids decrease the level of:

a. neutrophils and basophils

b. eosinophils and lymphocytes

c. monocytes and neutrophils

d. eosinophils and thrombocytes

e. basophils and eosinophils

b. eosinophils and lymphocytes

46. Which of the male sex hormones and where is their main site of secretion:

a. progesterone (adrenal glands), estrogens (adrenal glands)

b. testosterone (testis), DHEA (adrenal glands)

c. estrogens (placenta), testosterone (testis)

d. DHEA (adrenal glands), prolactin (testis)

e. androstenedione (adrenal glands), oxytocin

b. testosterone (testis), DHEA (adrenal glands)

47. Which of the hormones are gestagens and where are they secreted:

a. progesterone (ovaries, placenta)

b. prolactin (ovaries)

c. prostaglandins (ovaries, placenta)

d. estradiol (ovaries)

e. none of the above

a. progesterone (ovaries, placenta)

48. Which of the following hormones are absolutely necessary for the normal spermatogenesis are:

a. LH only

b. FSH only

c. testosterone and FSH

d. oxytocin and testosterone

e. androgens and LH

c. testosterone and FSH

49. Insulin has:

a. anabolic, lipogenic and hyperglicemic effects

b. catabolic, lipolitic and hypoglicemic effects

c. anabolic, lipogenic and hypoglicemic effects

d. catabolic, lipolitic and hypoglicemic effects

e. catabolic, lipogenic and hyperglicemic effects

c. anabolic, lipogenic and hypoglicemic effects

50. The tests for early pregnancy are based on the presence in the urine of:

a. LH

b. FSH

c. estradiol

d. progesterone

e. hCG

e. hCG

51. The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is:

a. 21-31 days

b. 28 days

c. 20-25 days

d. 28-30 days

e. 25 days

a. 21-31 days

52. The parathyroid glands secrete:

a. calcitonin

b. calcium

c. parathyroid hormone

d. vitamin D

e. catecholamines

c. parathyroid hormone

53. Spasm of the bronchi occurs when:

a. the level of catecholamines is increased

b. the level of histamine is increased

c. the level of glucocorticoids is increased

d. the level of hGH is increased

e. the level of angiotensin II is increased

b. the level of histamine is increased

54. Which of the following hormones have no lipolytic effect:

a. insulin

b. glucocorticoids

c. testerone

d. cortisol

e. hGH

a. insulin

55. A feeling of anxiety is caused by:

a. glucagon

b. insulin

c. epinephrine

d. adrenocorticotropic hormone

e. none of the above

c. epinephrine

56. The reason iodine is in the composition of table salt is:

a. to prevent diabetes

b. to prevent endemic goiter

c. to prevent Addison's disease

d. to prevent Cushing syndrome

e. to prevent osteoporosis

b. to prevent endemic goiter

57. All hormones react to a negative feedback except:

a. progesterone

b. estrogen

c. prolactin

d. oxytocin

e. aldosterone

d. oxytocin

58. A high blood calcium level may be due to:

a. calcitonin

b. parathyroid hormone

c. glucocorticoids

d. glucagon

e. testosterone

b. parathyroid hormone

59. Lipid hormones derived from cholesterol are:

a. proteins

b. amino acids

c. polypeptides

d. steroids

e. eicosanoids

d. steroids

60. This type of hormone must bind to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of the cell:

a. water soluble and polypeptide

b. lipid soluble

c. steroid

d. polypeptide and lipid soluble

e. steroid and lipid soluble

a. water soluble and polypeptide

61. The anterior pituitary gland secretes:

a. oxytocin

b. endorphins

c. ADH

d. TRH

e. catecholamines

b. endorphins

62. Second messanger is:

a. cortisol

b. thiroxin

c. GMP

d. adrenalin

e. G-proteins

e. G-proteins

63. Prolonged use of glucocorticoids leads to:

a. osteoporosis

b. increased muscle mass

c. decreased basal metabolic rate

d. decreased blood sugar level

e. decreased blood pressure

a. osteoporosis

64. Gland which shrinks in size during adulthood, and has hormones that function in the maturation of T-Ly:

a. lymph nodes

b. thymus

c. spleen

d. GALT

e. tonsils

b. thymus

65. ACTH secretion does NOT increase:

a. when the median eminence of hypothalamus is stimulated

b. when cortisol blood levels fall

c. in bursts during the night as the normal hour of wakening approaches

d. following severe trauma

e. when hypervolemia occurs

e. when hypervolemia occurs

66. Melatonin:

a. is produced mainly the pineal gland

b. is synthesised in the body from serotonin

c. blood levels are highest during the night

d. influences the secretion rates of pituitary hormones

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

67. Thyroid hormones, when secreted in excess, may cause an increase in the:

a. basal metabolic rate

b. frequency of defecation

c. energy expenditure required for a given workload

d. heart rate when cardiac adrenergic and cholinergic receptors are blocked

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

68. Aldosterone secretion is increased by an increase in plasma of:

a. angiotensin II concentration

b. potassium concentration

c. renin concentration

d. ACTH concentration

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

69. Glucocorticoid injections lead to increases in:

a. lymph gland size

b. fibroblastic activity

c. anabolic activity in muscle

d. bone resorption

e. inflammation and immunity

d. bone resorption

70. The growth hormone:

a. promotes positive nitrogen and phosphorus balance

b. secretion is under hypothalamic control

c. secretion surges during sleep

d. stimulates the liver to secrete somatomedins which regulate bone and cartilage growth

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

71. Parathormone:

a. acts directly on bone to increase bone resorption

b. increases the urinary output of calcium

c. increases phosphate excretion

d. promotes absorption of calcium from the intestines

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

72. In hypothalamus is produced:

a. prolactin

b. somatostatin

c. ACTH

d. hGH

e. TSH

b. somatostatin

73. Pancreatic glucagon:

a. is produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans

b. is a polypeptide

c. output is inversely proportional to the blood glucose level

d. increases the breakdown of liver glycogen

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

74. The concentration of ionised calcium in plasma is:

a. the main regulator of parathormone secretion

b. about 50% of the total plasma of calcium concentration

c. reduced when plasma pH rises

d. independent of the plasma albumin changes

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

75. Cortisol:

a. is bound to an alpha globulin in the plasma

b. injections lead to a rise in arterial pressure

c. inhibits release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland

d. is released with a circadian variation so that cortisol blood levels peak in the morning

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

76. Adrenaline secretion from the adrenal glands increases the:

a, blood glucose level

b. blood free fatty acid level

c. blood flow to skeletal muscle

d. release of renin in the kidneys

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

77. TSH secretion is increased:

a. after partial removal of the thyroid gland

b. in infants born without thyroid gland

c. during cold seasons

d. when the diet is deficient in iodine

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

78. Insulin:

a. secretion is decreased by sympathetic nerve activity

b. decreases entry of glucose into skeletal muscle

c. decreases entry of amino acids into skeletal muscle

d. secretion is decreased by vagal nerve activity

e. has lipolytic effect

a. secretion is decreased by sympathetic nerve activity

79. Oxytocin:

a. increases contractility of the uterus and released of the milk during suckling

b. decreases contractility of the uterus and regulates developments of the breast

c. suppressed the milk for matron

d. regulates spermatogenesis

e. regulates ovogenesis

a. increases contractility of the uterus and released of the milk during suckling

80. During stress serum glucose concentration are elevated because:

a. increased secretion of glucocorticoide

b. increased secretion of adrenaline

c. suppressed secretion of insulin

d. increased secretion of glucose

e. all of them

e. all of them

81. hGH secretion:

a. increases when blood glucose level falls

b. has lactogenic effect

c. increases the size of viscera

d. stimulates liver production of somatomedins

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

82. Vitamin D:

a. increases intestinal absorption of calcium

b. is essential for normal calcification of bones in childhood

c. requires hepatic modification for activation

d. deficiency may result in hyperparathyroidism

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

83. Prolactin:

a. has a similar chemical structure and physiological action to LH

b. is responsible for breast growth in puberty

c. release is inhibited by dopamine

d. secretion is inhibition by suckling of the breast

e. causes ejection of milk by the breast during suckling

c. release is inhibited by dopamine

84. Thyroxine:

a. increases the resting state of CO2 production

b. is essential for normal development of the brain

c. is essential for normal red blood cell production

d. acts more slowly than T3

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

85. Excessive growth hormone secretion in adults causes:

a. acromegaly

b. gigantism

c. increased entry of glucose in muscles

d. hypothyroidism

e. cretinism

a. acromegaly

86. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex:

a. include cholesterol

b. are mostly bound to plasma proteins

c. include catecholamines

d. are excreted mainly in the bile after conjugation

e. are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy

b. are mostly bound to plasma proteins

87. Androgen binding protein is produced by:

a. adrenals

b. hypothalamus

c. sertoli cells

d. leydig cells

e. ovaries

c. sertoli cells

88. Secretin differs from cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) in that it:

a. is formed by mucosal cells in the upper small intestine

b. stimulates the pancreas to secrete a juice which is rich in digestive enzymes

c. stimulates the pancreas to secrete a watery alkaline juice

d. has higher effect on gallbladder smooth muscle

e. increases gastric motility

c. stimulates the pancreas to secrete a watery alkaline juice

89. Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme decreases the:

a. formation of angiotensin II

b. plasma renin level

c. diuresis

d. circulating level of angiotensin I

e. total body potassium

a. formation of angiotensin II

90. Early detection of pregnancy depends on detection of:

a. FSH

b. progesterone

c. LH

d. hCG

e. estrogen

d. hCG

91. Epiphyseal closure is regulated by:

a. calcitonin

b. somatomedins

c. 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

d. thyroxine

e. aldosterone

b. somatomedins

92. Hyperthyroidism is associated with a:

a. positive N balance

b. decreased urinary excretion of calcium

c. clinical picture consistent with excessive beta adrenoreceptor stimulation

d. decreased basal metabolic rate

e. rise in the level of thyroxine-binding protein in plasma

c. clinical picture consistent with excessive beta adrenoreceptor stimulation

93. Which of the following is not involved in regulation of plasma Ca2+ levels:

a. kidneys

b. skin

c. lungs

d. intestine

e. bones

c. lungs

94. Insulin:

a. requirements at night are similar to those during the day

b. half life is usually reduced in patients with diabetes mellitus

c. is not bound to proteins in the blood

d. requirements are increased in obesity

e. requirements are increased by exercise

d. requirements are increased in obesity

95. The risk of tetany is increased by:

a. hypocalcemia

b. sudden rises in plasma magnesium

c. removal of the anterior pituitary gland

d. the onset of respiratory failure

e. the onset of renal failure

a. hypocalcemia

96. Excessive glucocorticoids production causes an increase in:

a. skin thickness

b. bone strength

c. blood glucose and arterial pressure

d. immunity

e. rate of wound healing

c. blood glucose and arterial pressure

97. A pituitary tumour secreting excess hGH in adult may lead to:

a. myxoedema

b. giantism

c. reduced levels of somatomedins in blood

d. cretinism

e. raised blood glucose level

e. raised blood glucose level

98. In diabetic ketoacidosis there is a decreased metabolic breakdown of:

a. ketones

b. glycogen

c. glucose

d. fat

e. amino acids

c. glucose

99. Cortisol increases blood glucose level by increasing:

a. lipolysis

b. protein synthesis in muscles

c. gluconeogenesis

d. growth hormone secretion

e. insulin secretion

c. gluconeogenesis

100. In the normal menstrual cycle:

a. the proliferative phase depends on estrogen secretion

b. cervical mucus becomes more fluid around the time of ovulation

c. ovulation is observed after a surge in blood LH level

d. basal body temp is higher after ovulation

e. all of the above

e. all of the above