AMSCO APUSH Unit 2

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown

royal colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

proprietary colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Pilgrims

English Separatists who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Act of Toleration

A 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in the American colonies

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans to become halfway members of the church. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal that had characterized Massachusetts early on.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity; under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Mayflower Compact

The first agreement for self-government in America. It set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

New England Confederation

Formed in 1643 to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

King Philip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags in 1675; started when the Massachusetts government tried and executed 3 Indians for the death of John Sassamon. The colonists victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 rebellion of backcountry farmers in Virginia who were angry with Governor Berkeley for not allowing them to retaliate against Native Americans

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in 1680; expelled the Spanish for 12 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

subsistance farming

farmers produced just enough food for themselves and sometimes a little extra to trade in town

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; most famous for his sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism.

Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America

Zenger Case

The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel; Newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of government if actually true.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions; greatly impacted colonial governments

Triangular Trade

Merchant ships regularly followed a triangular, or three-part, route, that

connected North America, Africa, and Europe. Trade included raw materials, manufactured goods, and enslaved people.

headright system

To recruit White settlers, Virginia provided

50 acres of land, called a headright, to any settler or to anyone who paid for

passage for a settler to the colony.