Bio 472

List the four nervous system functions

sensory, integrative, action, information storage

What two things does the sensory function entail

sensing changes in external and internal environment

What does the integrative function do

interprets sensory changes, takes action

what does the action function do

control motor movements, endocrine secretions, homeostasis

Intelligence is an example of which nervous system function

information storage

What are the subdivisions of CNS

Brain and spinal cord

What does the PNS include

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

What type of information from afferent nerves

incoming sensory

where are the receptors for afferent

somatic and visceral areas

What type of information from efferent nerves

Somatic or autonomic, motor

What type of action is a somatic efferent, where is it going to

From the CNS to the muscles, voluntary

What type of action is a ANS efferent, where is it going to

From the CNS to heart, glands, smooth msucle, involuntary

What are the subdivisions of ANS

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Fight or flight is which ANS

Sympathetic

Rest and digest is which ANS

Parasympathetic

Define perikaryon

The central part of a neuron that contains the cytoplasm and nucleus

What does the perikaryon exclude

axons and dendrites

Define nissel substance

clumps of RER and ribosomes found inside the cell body and dendrites of neurons

Define axon

part of a neuron that carries an electrical signal away from the cell to another one

Define dendrite

The part of a neuron that receives an electrical signal

list the 6 types of neuroglia

1. astrocytes

2. oligodendrocytes

3. satellite cells

4. neurolemma

5. microglia

6. epdenymal cells

what do astrocytes do

structure support for the CNS

tangled astrocytes result in what disease

alzheimers

what do oligodendrocytes do

myelinate the cns, the fatty stuff around axons

what shape does oligodendrocytes have

spiral shape to help send signals faster

t/f do the regions between oligodendrocytes have mylienation nodes

no they have no mylineation nodes

what do the oligodendrocytes make

mylein

what do microglia do

phagocytic cells only in the CNS

What do ependymal cells do

produce CSF

What makes CSF

Ependymal cell

What do satellite cells do

support for the PNS

what do the neurolemma do

the cytoplasm around Schwann cells

where is the microglia located

only in the cns

what do schwann cells make

lipid and protein sheath called myelin sheath

what does gray mater consist of

perikaryons grouped together and glia, unmyelinated

what is white mater made of

myelinated nerve cells and glia

in the brain is the gray mater on the outside or inside

outside

in the spinal cord where is the gray mater located

on the inside

what links the two hemispheres

corpus callosum

what is the left hemisphere responsible for

language, logical thinking

what is the right hemisphere responsible for

art and emotions

what’s the gap between axons called

node of ranvier

ganglia

nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

where are dorsal root ganglia located

outside the CNS

are ventral root ganglia a thing

no

nucelus

a collection of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS

caudate nucleus

cluster of nerves inside the brain that help with voluntary movement and learning

nerve tracts

bundle of nerve fibers inside the CNS that helps connect different areas of the brain with the spinal cord

synapse

the area of connection between neurons

what two types of synapses are there

chemical and electrical

which type of synapse is more common

chemical synapses

where do electrical synapses travel

through the gap junctions between neurons

What are the components of the spinal cord

1. white matter

2. grey matter

3. central canal

4. gray commissure

5. spinal nerve

6. ascending tracts

7. descending tracts

8. pia matter

9. arachnoid matter

10. dura matter

where is the white matter in the spinal cord

outer

what is 1 showing

central canal

what is 2 showing

white matter

what is 3 showing

grey matter

what is 4 showing

dorsal root

what is 5 showing

ventral root

central canal

in the middle of the spinal cord that has CSF, surrounded by grey matter

gray commissure

the little strip of gray matter the connects the left and right spinal cord and ventral/dorsal horns

what two spinal nerves are there

ventral roots and dorsal roots

ventral roots

carry signals away from the brain, motor

dorsal roots

carry sensory to brain

ascending tracts

in the white matter that take info up to the brain, dorsal

descending tract

more ventral, take information away from the brain aka motor

pia matter

on the brain, has blood vessels for CSF

arachnoid matter

2nd layer that protects spinal cord and brain, no blood vessels

dura mater

tough fibrous layer of the brain on the outside

t/f the synapse always happens inside the spinal cord

true

reflex loop

the signal that gets sent to the spinal cord instead of the brain to make reaction times faster

what layers is the CSF between

pia and arachnoid

subarachnoid space

area where the CSF is

list the layers of the brain

pia → subarachnoid → arachnoid → dura mater

what does the CSF do

protects the brain from being moved around and provides nutrients

list the 5 anatomical regions of the spinal cord in order

1. cervical nerves C1-8

2. thoracic T1-12

3. lumbar L1-5

4. sacral S1-5

5. coccygeal nerves 1

cervical plexus

C1-C5

what does C1-C5 do

innervate skin, muscles of face, neck, shoulders

what does C3-C5 do

phrenic nerves to diaphragm

what do C5-T1 make

brachial plexus

what do C1-C5 make

cervical plexus

what does C5-T1 do

innervate arm muscles and sensations

conus medullaris

cone shaped end of the spinal cord

what ends at L2

spinal cord, aka conus medullaris

filum terminale

thread like tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the coccygus

cauda equina

bundle of spinal nerves at the end of the spinal cord, look like a horse’s tail

where would a spinal top take place

past cauda equina

lumbar plexus

innervation to abdomen and upper leg

what four distinct formations are in the lumbar region of the spinal cord

1. conus medullaris

2. filum terminale

3. cauda equina

4. lumbar plexus

what two important structures are in the sacral nerves

sacral plexus and sciatic nerve

sacral plexus

innervates upper, lower leg, and foot

spinal injury for C3-C5

motor neurons for diaphgram stop, death

which part of the spinal cord is solid

C1-L2

where should you do a spinal tal

L3-L4

dermatomes

mapping patterns for body sensations

where are shingles symptoms

unilaterally follows dermatome maps, virus is latent at the spinal tract

what does polio attack

motor ventral horns of spinal cord

referred pain

when signals jump nerves so the pain gets registered differently

gallbladder pain

felt in the shoulders

heart pain

radiates down the left arm