Crop Science

Plants make food using sunlight

Photosynthesis

are arranged in a stack

Thylakoids

invididual thylakoids called?

grana

is the fluid filling up the inner space of the chloroplast

stroma

Chloroplast contains a green pigment called?

Chlorophyll

Only photosystem I in involved

Cyclic

Both photosystem I and II are involved

Non-cyclic

Carry excited electrons from photosystem 2

Pheophytin

Used electron transport cofactors in photosynthetic reaction centers

Quinones

A central control switch of the photosynthetic electron transport chain

Plastoquinone pool

It accepts electrons from Photosystem 2

Cytochrome

An electron transfer agent between cytochrom f

Plastocyanin

Three stages of C3 Pathway

Carboxylation/carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration

Acronym in C4 pathway - CA

Carbonic anhydrase

Acronym in C4 pathway - PEPC

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Acronym in C4 pathway - PPCK

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase

Acronym in C4 pathway - MDH

Malate dehydrogenase

Acronym in C4 pathway - ME

Malic enyzme

Acronym in C4 pathway - RBCS

Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

Acronym in C4 pathway - PPDK

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase

Acronym in C4 pathway - HCO3-

Bicarbonate

Plants break down glucose to release energy (ATP) for growth (mitochondria)

Respiration

The process where plants break down sugar to produce energy

Glycolysis

a cytosolic metabolic pathway parallel to glycolyis that breaks down glucose.

PPP or pentose phosphate pathway

central metabolic pathway in aerobic respiration

Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle

A series of electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Electron transport chain

Water loss from leaves through stomata, cools plant and moves nutrients

Transpiration

Movement of sugars from leaves to roots, steam, fruits.

Translocation

Centre of the vasuclar bundle

Xylem

Oter side of the vascular bundle

Phloem

Conversion of absorbed nutrients into plant materials

Assimilation

Domesticated/ Cultivated plants grown for profit. It usually connotes a group or population of cultivated plants.

Crop

is a multi-disciplinary field which focuses on research and development of plant based crops.

Crop Science

Systematically accumulated and tested knowledge. It refers to the ordered knowledge of natural phenomena and the rational study of the relationship between the concepts in which these phenomena are expressed

Science

are the eukaryotes that comprise the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic

Plant

Latin words Ager (land/Field) and Cultura (Cultivation), Cultivation of land, science and art of producing crops and livestock for economic purposes,

Agriculture

Center of Production of Major Crops (PSA, 2025) for Onion.

MIMAROPA

Center of Production of Major Crops (PSA, 2025) for sweet potato

Eastern Visayas

Center of Production of Major Crops (PSA, 2025) for Cassava

BARMM

Non-Food and Industrial Crops - Abaca

Bicol Region

Non-Food and Industrial Crops - Coconut

CALABARZAON

Non-Food and Industrial Crops - Coffee

SOCCSKSARGEN

Response to light

Phototropism

Non-Food and Industrial Crops - Rubber

Zamboanga Peninsula

Response to gravity

Geotropism

Response to water

Hydrotopism

Response to touch

Thigmotropism

Non-Food and Industrial Crops - Tabbaco

Northern Mindanao

Non-Food and Industrial Crops - Sugarcane

Northern Mindanao

Non-Food and Industrial Crops - Cacao

Davao Region

Fruit Crops - Banana

Davao Region

Fruit crops - Calamansi

MIMAROPA

Fruit crops - Mango

Northern Mindanao

Fruit crops - Northern Mindanao

Pineapple

Cereals - Rice

Cagayan Alley

Cereals - Corn

Cagayan Valley

non directional growth

Nastic movement

Response to touch/shock

Seismonasty

Response to light intensity

Photonasty

Response to day and night/ sleep movement of leaves

Nyctinasty

Modernization of the country, Enacted under Pres. Fidel V. Ramos, Key author: Edgardo J. Angara, signed on 1997

RA no 8435, Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

Birth of agriculture, slash and burn, nomadic hunting-gathering, 10,000 BCE

Neolithic Era

Agriculture as organized system, used iron tipped plow, slave labor, crop rotation

Roman Era

Introduction 3 field system (Winer, spring and fallow crops), crop rotation

Middle ages

Organic substance other than vitamins and nutrients which are active in very minute amounts

Phytohormones

Introduced the seed drill to English farmers.

Jethro tull 1970

invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated fiber from seed much more quickly than people could do it by hand.

Eli Whitney 1973

the first practical reaper or grain harvesting machine.

Cyrus Mc Cormick

Patented the steel plow

John Deere 1837

Founded the first factory to manufacture superphosphate

John Bennet Lawes 1842

Father of Philippine Plant Breeding

Dr. Dioscoro L. Umali

Father of the Philippine Rice Breeding Program, Specialized in genetics and plant breeding

Dr. Pedro B. Escuro

Focused on biochemical genetics and cytogenetics

Dr. Dolores A. Ramirez

Focused on soil and plant nutrition and on coconut diseases.

Dr. Jose R. Velasco

Author of Philippine Insects (Hymenoptera species), Specialized in systematic entomology and economic entomology

Dr. Clare R. Baltazar

Develop “embryo rescue” in vitro culture technology in macapuno coconut variety.

Dr. Emerita V. De Guzman

Specialized in plant physiology, Study of deep water rice, flood tolerant rice, and cold-resistant rice, varieties

Dr. Benito S. Vergara

Shows the importance of genetic diversity as a weapon against environmental adversities.

Dr. Ricardo M. Lantican

Inventing a way to induce flowering in mango trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate

Dr. Ramon C. Barba

built of combine harvester and built of first gasoline tractor

1890

Introduction of DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

1939

- experienced green revolution

1950-60

genetic engineering began

1970

farmers began to use computers

1980

detaches and removes soil particles, lead reduced fertility

Soil erosion

the increase of salt concentration in soil.

Salinization-

deficiency of precipitation, resulting in a water shortage

Drought

overflow of water submerges the field

Flood

detrimental organism to the plants and animals

Pest

Agricultural land converted to other purposes resulted on decrease of production even more due to the shrinkage of production area.

Land Conversion

Engaging to agriculture seems an unreliable source of income such as youth.

Reduced Farm Labor

They purchasing and storing a large amount of a particular product, creating scarcity of that product.

Hoarding

Most common method by which plants reproduce in nature

Sexual propagations

Series of events which take place when dry quescent seed imbibe water resulting in an increase in metabolic activity.

Seed germination

The changes in size, shape, complexity of a plant over time.

Growth and development.

Irreversible increase in size or number of cells, quantitative increase in plant body.

Growth

Differentiation and maturation of tissue organs, qualitative change in the plant.

Development

Hypocotyl elongates and brings cotyledon above ground.

Epigenous

Epicotyl emerges and the cotyledon remain below soil surface

Hypogenous

Fertilization to seed.

Embryogenesis